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1、DifferenceEngine:HarnessingMemoryRedundancyinVirtualMachinesDiwakerGupta,SangminLee∗,MichaelVrable,StefanSavage,AlexC.Snoeren,GeorgeVarghese,GeoffreyM.Voelker,andAminVahdat{dgupta,mvrable,savage,snoeren,varghese,voelker,vahdat}@cs.ucsd.eduUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiegoAbstra
2、ctration.Thepromiseofvirtualmachinetechnologyforserverconsolidationistorunmultipleservicesonasin-Virtualmachinemonitors(VMMs)areapopularplatformforglephysicalmachinewhilestillallowingindependentInternethostingcentersandcloud-basedcomputeservices.configurationandfailureisolatio
3、n.BymultiplexinghardwareresourcesamongvirtualmachinesWhilephysicalCPUsarefrequentlyamenabletomul-(VMs)runningcommodityoperatingsystems,VMMsdecreasetiplexing,mainmemoryisnot.Manyservicesruncom-boththecapitaloutlayandmanagementoverheadofhostingcenters.Appropriateplacementandmig
4、rationpoliciescantakefortablyonamachinewith1GBofRAM;multiplexingadvantageofstatisticalmultiplexingtoeffectivelyutilizeavail-tenVMsonthatsamehost,however,wouldallocateeachableprocessors.However,mainmemoryisnotamenabletojust100MBofRAM.Increasingamachine'sphysicalsuchmultiplexin
5、gandisoftentheprimarybottleneckinachiev-memoryisoftenbothdifficultandexpensive.Incremen-inghigherdegreesofconsolidation.talupgradesinmemorycapacityaresubjecttoboththePreviouseffortshaveshownthatcontent-basedpageshar-availabilityofextraslotsonthemotherboardandtheabil-ingprovide
6、smodestdecreasesinthememoryfootprintofVMsitytosupporthigher-capacitymodules:suchupgradesrunningsimilaroperatingsystemsandapplications.Ourstud-ofteninvolvereplacing—asopposedtojustadding—iesshowthatsignificantadditionalgainscanbehadbylever-memorychips.Moreover,notonlyishigh-den
7、sitymem-agingbothsub-pagelevelsharing(throughpagepatching)andoryexpensive,italsoconsumessignificantpower.Fur-in-corememorycompression.WebuildDifferenceEngine,thermore,asmany-coreprocessorsbecomethenorm,theanextensiontotheXenvirtualmachinemonitor,tosupportbottleneckforVMmultipl
8、exingwillincreasinglybetheeachofthese—inadditiontostandardcopy-on-wr
