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1、Section1TheoreticalUnderpinningsAPPLIEDLINGUISTICTHEORY3APPLIEDLINGUISTICTHEORYANDSECOND/FOREIGNLANGUAGEEDUCATIONINTRODUCTIONAppliedlinguisticshasbeendefinedas“thetheoreticalandempiricalinvestigationofreal-worldproblemsinwhichlanguageisacentralissue”(Brumfit,1995,p.2
2、7)—forexample,problemsofmiscommuni-cationinsociallife,institutionaldiscoursesofcourtrooms,classrooms,andhospitals,languagepoliciesandtestingprocedures.Inaddition,ithasbeen,sinceitsinception,thefoundationalfieldofresearchforsecondlanguageacquisitionandlearning.Resear
3、chershavemaderecommendationsforlanguageteachersbasedontheirfindings;inturn,languageeducatorshavedrawnonappliedlinguisticresearchtoillumi-nateandsolveproblemstheyencounterintheirpractice.EARLYDEVELOPMENTSThename“appliedlinguistics”wasgiventothefieldwhenthefirstpro-gram
4、ofthatnamewasfoundedattheUniversityofEdinburghin1957,leadinginthe1970stotheEdinburghCourseinAppliedLinguistics(AllenandCorder,1973–1977).AccordingtoDaviesandElder(2004),itwaslargelytakenforgrantedinthe1960sand1970sthatappliedlinguisticswasaboutlanguageteachingandle
5、arning.Thejour-nalLanguageLearning:AJournalofAppliedLinguistics,publishedfromtheUniversityofMichiganin1948,wasthefirstjournalintheworldtocarrytheterm“appliedlinguistics”initstitle(Davies,1999,p.6).Inthesubsequent50years,thefieldhasexperiencedanexplosionacrossvariousd
6、isciplines,encompassing,besidelanguageteaching,firstandsecondlanguageacquisition,psycho-andneurolinguistics,sociolinguistics,pragmatics,discourseandconversationanalysis,text/processing/translation,computationallinguistics,forensiclinguistics,corpuslinguistics,andlan
7、guagepolicyandplanning.Today,appliedlinguisticsiswellrepresentedbyitsvibrantnationalandinternationalprofessionalorganizations,forexample,theInterna-tionalAssociationforAppliedLinguistics(AILA)foundedin1964,theBritishAssociationofAppliedLinguistics(BAAL)establishedi
8、n1967,theAmericanAssociationforAppliedLinguistics(AAAL)N.VanDeusen-SchollandN.H.Hornberger(eds),EncyclopediaofLanguageandEducation,2ndEdition,Vol
