abbott and snidal 1998-Why States Act through Formal International Organizations.pdf

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1、WhyStatesActthroughFormalInternationalOrganizationsKENNETHW.ABBOTTGraduateandInternationalStudiesNorthwesternUniversitySchoolofLawDUNCANSNIDALDepartmentofPoliticalScienceUniversityofChicagoStatesuseformalinternationalorganizations(IOs)tomanageboththeireverydayinteractionsandmoredramaticepisodes,in

2、cludinginternationalconflicts.Yet,contemporaryinternationaltheorydoesnotexplaintheexistenceorformofIOs.ThisarticleaddressesthequestionofwhystatesuseformalorganizationsbyinvestigatingthefunctionsIOsperformandthepropertiesthatenablethemtoperformthosefunctions.Startingwitharational-institutionalistpe

3、rspectivethatseesIOsasenablingstatestoachievetheirends,theauthorsexaminepoweranddistributivequestionsandtheroleofIOsincreatingnormsandunderstanding.Centralizationandindependenceareidentifiedasthekeypropertiesofformalorganizations,andtheirimportanceisillustratedwithawidearrayofexamples.IOsascommuni

4、tyrepresentativesfurtherallowstatestocreateandimplementcommunityvaluesandenforceinternationalcommitments.?WhentheUnitedStatesdecidedtoreversetheIraqiinvasionofKuwait,itdidnotactunilaterally(althoughitoftendoes).ItturnedtotheUnitedNations(UN)SecurityCouncil.eWhentheSecurityCouncilsoughttolearntheex

5、tentofchemical,biological,andnucleararmsinIraq,itdidnotrelyonU.S.forces.ItdispatchedinspectorsfromtheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA).*WhentheinternationalcommunitysoughttomaintainthesuspensionofcombatinBosnia,itdidnotrelyonlyonnationalefforts.ItsentinpeacekeepingunitsundertheaegisoftheUNandN

6、orthAtlanticTreatyOrganization(NATO).?WhenstatesliberalizedtradeinservicesandstrengthenedintellectualpropertyprotectionintheUruguayRound,theywerenotcontenttodraftrules.TheycreatedtheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)andahighlyinstitutionalizeddisputesettlementmechanism.Formalinternationalorganizations(IO

7、s)areprominent(ifnotalwayssuccessful)participantsinmanycriticalepisodesininternationalpolitics.ExamplesinadditionAUTHORS'NOTE:WearegratefulforvaluablecommentsfromLeaBrilmayer,JudithGoldstein,CharlesLipson,AndrewM