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1、Appendix3MoreThanYouEverReallyWantedtoKnowAboutCharge-CoupledDevicesJamesB.PawleyINTRODUCTIONarekeptelectricallyseparatefromtheirneighborsbyadditionallayersofSiO2.EverythirdstripeisconnectedtogethertoformTheelectronicstructureofcrystallineSiissuchthatelectromag-threesetsofinterdigitatingstripstha
2、twewillrefertoasPhases1,neticwaveshavingtheenergyoflightphotons(1.75–3.0electron2and3(f1,f2,f3,Fig.A3.1).Takentogether,allthesephasescon-volts)canbeabsorbedtoproduceonefreeor“conduction”elec-stitutetheverticalregister(VR)and,aftertheassemblyhasbeentron.IfanimageisfocusedontoaSisurface,thenumberof
3、theexposedtoapatternoflight,theyareusedtotransferthephoto-photoelectrons(PE)producedateachlocationoverthesurfaceisinducedchargepatterndownwards,onelineatatime.Thepixelsproportionaltothelocallightintensity.Clearly,allthatisneededalongeachlineareseparatedfromeachotherbyverticalstripsoftocreateanima
4、gesensorisamethodforrapidlyconvertingthepositivelydopedmaterialinjectedintotheSi.ThesepositivelocalPEconcentrationintoanelectronicsignal.Afteralmost40“channelblocks”createfieldsthatpreventchargefromdiffusingyearsofNASAandDODfunding,theslow-scan,scientific-grade,sidewayswithoutreducingtheactiveareao
5、fthesensor.charge-coupleddevice(CCD)cameraisnowanalmostperfectAnyphotonthatpassesthroughthestripesandtheSiO2,issolutiontothisproblem.absorbedintheSi,producingaPE.Ifasmallpositivevoltage(~15Successinmodernbiologicallightmicroscopydependstoanvolts)isappliedtothef1electrodes,anyPEproducednearbywille
6、ver-increasingextentontheperformanceofCCDcameras.beattractedtoalocationjustbelowthenearestf1strip(Fig.A3.2).BecausesuchcamerasdifferwidelyintheircapabilitiesandareAsadditionalPEsareproduced,theyformasmallcloudofPEsalsoitemsthatmostbiologistsbuyseparately,ratherthanaspartreferredtoasachargepacket.
7、ThenumberofPEsinthepacketisofasystem,someknowledgeoftheiroperationmaybeusefultoproportionaltothelocallightintensitytimestheexposureperiodthosepracticingbiologistswhohavenotyetfounditnecessarytoandtheproblemnowistoconve
