资源与环境经济学-10

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1、EnvironmentEconl自然资源经济学和环境经济学的联系–自然资源是经济的input–但自然资源的使用率，无法达到100％，且资源在使用中转化后，会产生剩余物，如污染–所以产生了环境问题。污染是生产的剩余物，那么好的环境就是生产的input。l自然界本身有一定的吸纳“剩余物”的能力–Absorptivecapacity–PollutionaccumulatedwhenbeyondtheabsorptivecapacityEnvironmentEconlStockpollutantandfundpollutant–Noabsorptivecapacityorl

2、ittleabsorptivecapacity:stockpollutant•重金属，如铅•结构稳定的化学合成物，如塑料制品•某些温室气体，如氟化物–Someabsorptivecapacity:fundpollutant•人类生活产生的有机垃圾，被细菌、昆虫分解•二氧化碳，森林和植物的光合作用EnvironmentEconlLocalpollutionandregionalpollution–Experiencednearthesourceofemission:localpollutant,forexample?•重金属、故态硫化物泄漏•硫矿和二硫化碳–Spill

3、edtogreaterareas:regionalpollutant•pollutionemittedtoairorstreams,downwindordownstreamaffected–Surfacepollutantandglobalpollutant•Earthsurface•UpperatmoshphereEnvironmentEconlEfficientallocationofstockpollutants–Pollutantaccumulatedovertime–Damagesincreasesandpersists–Similartodepletab

4、leresources:•theenvironmentaffectedbypollutantsasthedepletableresources,•whiletheemissionofstockpollutantsasextractions.•有效的路径是：如图EnvironmentEconEnvironmentEconlEfficientallocationoffundpollutants–graph–Marginaldamagecosts(ofsociety)–Marginalcontrolcosts(offirms)–Efficientallocation–Wh

5、ytheefficientallocationisnotzero?•矿难–WhenEfficientallocation＝0?–EfficientallocationsdiffersamongregionsEnvironmentEconlMarketallocationofpollution–Overemissionsandtheenvironmentisoverpollutedb/cdamagecostsarebornebysocietywhilecontrolcostsarebornebyfirms.Externality–Privateowner-shipca

6、n’tcompletelysolvethisproblem•Somelocalpollution:factoryandlandownedbyoneowner•Regionalpollution:nobodycanownriversandairEnvironmentEconlEfficientpolicyresponse–Ifweknowtheefficientallocation•Setupaemissionlimitforeachemitter•Setupapriceofpollutant,atax•Setupatradablepermitssystem•Thef

7、irstiscallcommandandcontrol•Thelattertwoaremarket-orientedmethods–Whatisthereality?•Knowlittleaboutthemarginaldamagecost•Knownothingaboutthemarginalcontrolcost•Gov’tisbearingtoohighinformationcostsEnvironmentEconlCosteffectivepolicies–Setupastandardoremissionsbyscientificmethods:•Cri