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1、Unconventional ReservoirStimulationR. D. BarreeBarree & Associates LLCHow Do WeOptimize Stimulation Designs?••••Experience–Our personal observations–Our past history–Our expectations of what will be successfulDiagnostics–Pump‐in tests–Fracture mapping–Tracers (chemical and
2、RA)Reservoir characterization–Log analysis–Core studiesModels–Fracture geometry•LEFM, planar, 2D, 3D, coupled, shear decoupled?–Reservoir production•single phase, multiphase, transient, infinite acting, isotropic, Darcy?Arethesetransferablefromconventionaltounconventional?©
3、 2009© 2009What Are Unconventional Reservoirs?•••Tight and ultra‐tight gas sands–Perm less than what? 0.01 md?–Composed of•Fluvial channels and lenticular sands–Anisotropic and discontinuous bodiesGas shales–What is a shale, anyway?•Typically less than 20‐30% clay•May be qu
4、artzitic or carbonaceous•Fine grained, small pore‐size, high TOC?–What is the production mechanism?•Darcy’s law for free‐gas flow?•Diffusion from kerogen?–How do we estimate gas content and recoveryCoalbed Methane–Wet or dry coals?–What is the permeability of the cleat syst
5、em?–What controls gas content and recovery?•Desorption isotherm?•De‐watering or rate of pressure decline?© 2009Puzzles for Unconventional ReservoirDevelopment•Pay identification and Gas In‐Place–Porosity, saturation, TOC, desorption isotherm, net pay,drainage area, aspect r
6、atio•Permeability–Porosity and Sw relations, stress dependence, effects offractures, capillary effects (perm jail?)•••••Stimulation design –frac geometryProduction forecasting and EURApplying pressure diagnosticsManaging stimulation damagePerforating© 2009Gas Storage v. Fra
7、c Placementand Production•Logs (DTC step‐out) help show gas and TOC content•Areas of high gas content may not be productive–Gas is there because it is trapped–Gas may be at high pressure, increasing frac gradient–High stress and no “natural” fractures means no fracplacement
8、 or production•How do we identify best frac placement to contactstored gas?© 2009L
