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1、CLIGES:AROMANCECLIGES:AROMANCEbyChretiendeTroyes,trans.L.J.Gardiner.1CLIGES:AROMANCEINTRODUCTIONITissixhundredandfiftyyearssinceChretiendeTroyeswrotehisCliges.Andyetheiswonderfullynearus,whereasheisseparatedbyagreatgulffromtherudetrouveresoftheChansonsdeGestesandfromtheAn
2、glo-SaxonChronicle,whichwasstilldraggingoutitswearylengthinhisearlydays.Chretienisasrefined,ascivilised,ascompositeasweareourselves;hisladiesareasfullofwhims,impulses,suddenreserves,self-debateasM.PaulBourget'sheroines;whiletheproblemsofconscienceandofemotionwhichconfront
3、themareascomplexasthosepresentedonthemodernstage.Indeed,thereisnobreakbetweentheBretonromanceandthepsychological-analyticalnovelofourownday.Whencecomesthisamazingmodernityandcomplexity?Frommanysources:--Provencallove-lore,Orientalsubtlety,andCelticmysticism--allblendedbyt
4、hatmarvellousdexterity,style,malice,andmeasurewhicharesoutterlyFrenchthatEnglishhasnoadequatewordsforthem.Wesaid"Celticmysticism,"butthereissomethingelseaboutChretienwhichisalsoCeltic,thoughveryfarfrombeing"mystic".WetalkagreatdealnowadaysaboutCelticmelancholy,Celticdream
5、iness,Celtic"other-worldliness";andweforgetthequalitiesthatmadeCaesar'sGauls,St.Paul'sGalatians,sodifferentfromthegraveandsteadfastRomans--thatloudGauloisthathasmadetheParisianthetypicalFrenchman.Adifferentbeing,thismodernAthenian,fromthemysticIrishpeasantweseeinthepoetic
6、modernIrishdrama!--andyetbothareCelts.Notmuch"other-worldliness"aboutChretien.Heisaspositiveasanymancanbe.HisisnotoftheworldofSaintLouis,oftheCrusaders,oftheCathedral-builders.InCligesthereisnoreligiousatmosphereatall.WehearscarcelyanythingofMass,ofbishops,ofconvents.When
7、hementionsTierceorPrime,itismerelytotellusthehouratwhichsomethinghappened--andthissomethingisneverareligiousservice.Thereisnothingbehindtheglamourofarmsandlove,exceptforthecasdeconsciencepresentedbythelovers.NothingbutnamesandframeworkareCeltic;thespirit,withitsrefinement
8、sanditshair-splitting,isProvencal.Butwhatabrilliantwhole!whatart!whatmeasure!Our2CLIGES:AROMANCE
