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《the chemical basis of life：生命的化学基础》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在应用文档-天天文库。
1、THECHEMICALBASISOFLIFE(Noteonmynotes:usethisasanoutline,addnotesasneeded,watchforunderlinedwordsandphrasesthatyoushouldknow)(Noteonlearning:read,listen,write,rewrite,review)Physiologicalprocessesofcellsandorganismsarechemicalinnature.Basicfactsandrulesofchemistry:Struc
2、tureandOrganizationofmatter:atomsandmoleculesChemicalbonds:ionic,covalent,hydrogenpH:acidsandbases(seeseparatehandout)organicmolecules:macromoleculesStructureandOrganizationofMatterThestatesofmatter:solid,liquid,gasMixtures:suspensions–notpermanent,dustinwater,willsett
3、leoutintime11Solutions:uniformdistribution.”permanent”i.e.sugar(thesolute)inwater(thesolvent)Colloids:likeasuspensionbutparticlesaretoolargetoodissolvebutremainsuspendedovertime(sizeandchargecausethis)TheATOM:protons,neutronsandelectronsAtom:thesmallestnaturalandindivi
4、sibleunitofelements,e.g.C,N,OSubatomicparticles:Proton:positivechargeElectron:negativecharge126C:Neutron:neutralchargeIsotopes:sameelement,differentnumberofneutrons,sameatomicnumber(protons)butdifferentatomicweight(protons+neutrons)Whynotelectrons?1113Cand12CNote–exte
5、nsiveuseofisotopesinplantphysiology.Orbitals:electronsconstantlymovearoundthenucleusinenergylevelssometimescalledshellsororbitals(K=2,L=8,M=8ormore)Heisenberguncertaintyprinciple:Probabilityofthembeinginacertainplace,wedon’tknow.Weseeareasofhigher/lowerelectrondensity.
6、Pauliexclusionprinciple:onlytwopersuborbitalBohrmodel–flat3Dororbitalmodel:Examples:H:He11Whydowecare???Spinandunfilledsuborbitals,reactivityCHEMICALBONDSAtomicstructuredeterminesbindingproperties:Molecule–atoms“bonded”together–thesecondleveloforganization.Ion–anatomw
7、ithanunequalnumberofprotonsandelectrons–hasachargeIonicbonds:gainorlooseane-andbecomestable,betweenametalandanon-metal(seeperiodictable).Valenceelectron–onethatcanbeshared.NaCl:Clhas17,needsoneelectrontofillorbital3(2,8,8)whileNahas11sohasonlyoneinorbital3(2,8,1)Thee-“
8、jumps”overandleavestheatomscharged(ions)andtheythenattracteachotherHowwouldyouexplainCaCl2then???(hintCahas20e-)11Co
