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1、FR3203/5203FirefuelsandbehaviorI.BasicsofcombustionA.BasicreactionsPhotosynthesisRespirationCombustionExothermicandendothermicreactionsB.Firetrianglei.Fuelii.Oxygeniii.heatC.Phasesofcombustioni.preheating(exothermicreaction)Dehydration:vaporizewaterinfuelPyr
2、olysis:generationofflammablehydrocarbongasesDelaytime:responsetimeneededtothermallypreparefuelMechanismsforheatingfuelsConduction:heatpassesfromonemoleculetothenextRadiation:heatpassesfromsourcetosinkbyraysConvection:heatenergypassesbymotionofairorfluidsii.C
3、ombustion(endothermicreaction)1.Ignition:theonsetofcombustion2.Flamingcombustion:gasesevolveandignitedOccursathightemperatures3.Glowingcombustion:oxidationoccursdirectlyonsolidfuel,relativelylowtemperaturesiii.Fireemissionsiv.ExtinctionRemovalorinterruptiono
4、ffuel,firelines,backburnsCoolingthereaction,water,dirtRemovingoxygen,water,halon,gas,dirtInterferingwithpyrolysis—chemicalretardantsII.FuelstructureA.Fuelmoisturei.Integratesfuelandweatherii.Measuredbyweightiii.Rangesfrom70-200%inlivefuels,hardwoodleaveswett
5、erthanconiferneedlesiv.Rangesfrom200-300%indeadsaturatedfuelssuchasrottenwoodandpeatv.Rangesfrom1.5-30%indeaddriedfuelssuchasleavesandwoodvi.Affectedbyslope,aspect,wind,compactness,heightaboveground,humidity4i.Timelagsfordryingwoodyfuelandattainingequilibriu
6、mwithair:1.1hr—grass(<0.25”diameter)2.10hr—sticks(0.25-1”)3.100hr-sticks(1-3”)4.1000hr—logs(3-8’)5.>1000hr—logs(>8”)B.Fuelclassesi.Surfacefuels;includesfreshleaves,twigs,logsii.Groundfuels;includesduffandpeatiii.Aerialfuels;includestheforestcanopyC.Fuelmodel
7、s—characteristicfuelcomplexesforagivenvegetationtypeandclimatei.Rateofspreadandintensityoffiresdependsoncharacteristicamountandspatialarrangementoffuelforagivenvegetationtypeii.Surfacefuelloadinganddryness(especiallyof10and100hrtimelagfuels)isespeciallyimpor
8、tantforestimatingintensityandrateofspreadiii.Canbeclassifiedasgrass,brush,slash,timber,etc.iv.ExampleofCanadianfuelsmodelsfromborealforest,seeseparatehandoutII.FireBehaviorA.Fireanatomy—origin,r
