[英语学习]语言学 教程

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1、第一部分各章节提纲笔记Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics1.1Whystudylanguage?1.Languageisveryessentialtohumanbeings.2.Inlanguagetherearemanythingsweshouldknow.3.Forfurtherunderstanding,weneedtostudylanguagescientifically.1.2Whatislanguage?Languageisameansofverbalcommunicatio

2、n.Itisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.1.3DesignfeaturesoflanguageThefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalleddesignfeatureswhichcandistinguishhumanlanguagefromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.1.3.1ArbitrarinessArbitrarinessreferstothe

3、factthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeanings.1.3.2DualityDualityreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganiz

4、ation.1.3.3CreativityCreativitymeansthatlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Recursivenessreferstotherulewhichcanbeappliedrepeatedlywithoutanydefinitelimit.Therecursivenatureoflanguageprovidesatheoreticalbasisforthepossibilityofcreatingen

5、dlesssentences.1.3.4DisplacementDisplacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofconversation.1.4Originoflanguage1.Thebow-wowtheoryInprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsofthea

6、nimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat.2.Thepooh-poohtheoryInthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpains,angerandjoywhichgraduallydevelopedintolanguage.3.The“yo-he-ho”theoryAsprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,they

7、producedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.1.5FunctionsoflanguageAsisproposedbyJacobson,languagehassixfunctions:1.Referential:toconveymessageandinformation;2.Poetic:toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake;3.Emotive:toexpressattitude

8、s,feelingsandemotions;4.Conative:topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandentreaties;5.Phatic:toestablishcommunionwithothers;6.Metalingual:toclearupintentions,wordsandm