notes chapter 2 – matter注2章–物质

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1、Notes:Chapter2–Matter2.1WhatisMatter?Chemistry–thestudyofmatterandhowitchangesA.Matter–anythingthathasmassandoccupiesspace1.Allmatterismadeofatoms.a.atom–thesmallestparticlethathasthepropertiesofanelementb.element–asubstancethatcannotbebrokendownintosimplersubstances

2、2.Atomscombinetoformcompounds.compound–asubstancemadeofatomsofmorethanoneelementboundtogether.Acompounddoesnothavethecharacteristicsofthetwoormoreatomsthatmakeupitscomposition.Itisanentirelynewthing.Ex:oxygen(gas)andhydrogen(gas)formwater(liquid)3.Combinationsofatoms

3、alsoformmolecules.Molecule–thesmallestunitofasubstancethatexhibitsallofthepropertiescharacteristicofthatsubstanceB.PureSubstanceorMixture?1.Puresubstance–matterthathasfixedcompositionanddefiniteproperties,suchas:a.elementb.compound2.Mixture–acombinationofmorethanonep

4、uresubstance.Amixturehasacombinationofthepropertiesofthetwoormoresubstancesthatmakeupitscomposition.Typesofmixtures:a.homogeneous,alsocalledasolution–substancesareevenlymixedb.heterogeneous–substancesaren’tevenlymixed2.2MatterandEnergyA.KineticTheory1.Allmatterismade

5、ofatomsandmoleculesthatactliketinyparticles2.Thesetinyparticlesarealwaysinmotion.Thehigherthetemperature,thefastertheparticlesmove.3.Atthesametemperature,moremassive(heavier)particlesmoveslowerthanlessmassive(lighter)particles.B.StatesofMatter1.Solid–rigidstructurea.

6、tightlypackedatomsb.definedvolumeanddefinedshape2.Liquid–fluidstructurea.atomsareclose,butnotpackedb.definedvolume,butundefinedshape*viscosityistheresistanceofafluidtoflow;ex:honeyhashigherviscositythanwater3.Gas–fluidstructurea.atomsarespreadapartb.undefinedvolumean

7、dundefinedshapeC.Energy’sEffectonStatesofMatterEnergy–theabilitytochangeormovematter1.Energyistransferred(absorbedorreleased)duringeverychangeofstatea.meltingandevaporatingabsorbenergyi.heatoffusion–amountofenergyrequiredtochangeasolidtoaliquidii.heatofvaporization–a

8、mountofenergyrequiredtochangealiquidtoagasb.freezingandcondensingreleaseenergy2.Changingstatedoesnotchangecompositionormass3.Thelaw