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大连海事大学博士学位论文AnimprovedSWOTanalysisbasedonaxiomaticfuzzysetsAHPandTOPSIS姓名：安吉路丹申请学位级别：博士专业：管理科学与工程指导教师：刘晓东201206 中文摘要摘要战略管理是决定一个公司长期发展的一套管理决策和行为，它包括环境扫描、战略制定、战略实施、战略评价与控制等方面的内容。在一家公司的优势和劣势中，战略管理的研究更加注重外部机会和威胁的监测与评估，这就是众所周知的SWOT(优势，劣势，机会，威胁)分析，也被称为TOWS矩阵。SWOT分析已经使用几十年了，作为一个普遍流行的工具去帮助不同类型的企业做战略计划，包括那些在建筑行业中提取战略的阶段，特别是在战略规划中。虽然使用SWOT分析是相当普遍也是非常受欢迎的，但是它还是有一些结构性的问题，其中最重要的是没有考虑不确定性、双面因素以及因素的优先次序等。因此，在本论文中，我们做了一些改进，使SwOT分析更有助于战略管理，得到了一个改进的SWOT分析方法。在本文中，我们把SWOT分析应用到多属性决策的方法中，本文提出的方法是应用层次分析法通过成对比值矩阵去获得属性的权重，然后使用这个权重值作为TOPSIS方法的输入值，这个方法是通过优先系数将候选策略进行排序，与其它文献中描述的方法相比，我们的研究是把公理模糊集理论和层次分析法相结合，属性的权重值通过采用公理模糊集理论得到的描述中来计算属性出现的次数得到，这样处理的优点是它直接来源于数据，更能反应数据的原始特征。由于传统的模糊集理论是利用模糊数，这就会．亨‘致不同的模糊数就会产生不同的结果的问题，因此，本文提出的采用公理模糊集的方法比以前的方法更实用和有效。通过纺织公司的案例研究表明，在公司战略规划上，本文所提出的新的SWOT分析方法是一个更有用的方法，这种增强的SWOT分析方法的策略，使组织和企业能够进行更合理有效的战略规划，同时它也有助于推动各种具有新见解的战略规划在SWOT分析中的合理应用与发展。此外，本文还推出另一个有用的工具——粗糙集理论，通过属性的“约简"，除去数据中冗余的属性，得到标准化的数据，使后继的方法处理起来更合理有效，事实证明这是也一种数据预处理的好方法。关键词：SwoT分析；公理模糊集：战略分析；AHP；ToPSIS AbstractABSTRACTStr砒哂cm勰agem眦ismcsctofm柚ag两aldecisi∞锄daction也atdctc姗mes10ng-nnpc哟m锄∞ofaco驴ration．．nlestIldyofs昀tcgicm锄agc眦ntme他fo陀cmphasi嬲也em∞-ito血g龃devaluatingof强tcmalopponumties柚dthrcatsinlightSofacorl’0ration’ss廿engths柚dweakncss髂，thisisknown勰SWOT(S仃engms，Weal【nesses，OpponuIlitics，n鹏ats)柚aly—sis．ThcSw0『r柚alysish孙b∞nuscd矗Dmdccades觞at00lto筋sists昀tegicpl觚llinginVarioustypcofcntc叩risesiIldudillgthoseintheconstmctioniIldustDrspeciallyillthcstageofex昀ct-砸gs仃ategics．Whnsttllcusc0fSW0『r弛alysisisquitccommon觚dpDpul碣itstill。howeV％∞ntinuoust0havc∞mIiIIstnlcnlriLlprobleⅡ塔；TbemostimponalltOfwllich撒ttlelackofc0岫·sidc血guncertain锄dtw0sidedfktors，锄dthelackofprioriti2柚on0fthcfactors．Hencc，ill￡his印proach，wcmakcsomeiIIIprovcmcntstomakcSW0frmo他helpfuliIIs嘣cgicm卸agement；SWOTis舔sis刚wimsomesimplerationallyqu柚ti￡撕vcmodels；Wetllenobtaincdwhatwccall锄improvcdSW0咀1Kswmbcdonc，byincorporatiIlg晰tlI试tlleSW0吓硒alysis∞mcMCDMmetllodS；1nhcproposed印proachapplicstI圮Analy血HicIIarchyPfocess(AHP)to丘ndweigh协ofcrit酣aviap小wisecomp撕son，u跎stheob幽cdweightsValues船洫putsfortlleTectlniqucforordcrofmfe嗍ccbySiⅡlilarit)，ofIdcalSolution(ToPSIS)眦tllodolo烈wmchisusedtoprioriti舱(nnk)thestrategicsaltcmatiVcsViathcdosenesscoe伍cicnt．Incontr弱twitllpr州IousmetllodoIogi鼯部dcs嘶bcdiIltllelitcraturc。Tllis地searchfocusonapplyiIlgtheAxjomaticFuzzySets(AFS)tll∞rywimiIltIlcAHPandTOPSlS．wcightsValucsofcritcriaa陀di他ctlydeduccdfbmthctotalnumb盯ofappca啪∞ofthesc嘶tcriai11cachaltcmativedcs嘶ptiongivcnbyAFSthcory．ThcadvantageOfdcaliIlgwithAf’Stlleoryintlleproposcdappmachisthat’itcandirectlybeappIicdt0thcdata’howevcr’thctraditionalfuzzy∞ttlleorydeaJswitll^lzzynumbe璐锄ditisdc缸thatdiffb他ntfuzzVnumberswilllcadtodia．crcnt托sults．hcncc【lIcinconsiStcncyofprcviousmetllodologycopcsw弛也eme也odologyproposcd证this山csis．Aca∞studyonate】‘-tne矗珊showstIIatthencwSWOTapproachismo陀hclpfultos响tegicplannc璐．This比scarch 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swoTan址ysisbasedon地绅cFuzzysetAHP粕dToPsIsUIllil(cochcr泓)lstllatbcc锄cquicl(1yOut出￡cdwichtlIcfasCdcvclopm锄tofm锄agcmcnCscicnoc’SWOT锄alysisisstillpopular．Thc托觞onsa托m如y．FirStly’“ismclusive：it6tsalongsidco山盯theorics锄dtoolswhichemergI晒latcr．F0rcx锄ple，aSWOT锄alysismayitself明comp弱sanumb盯ofdi施陀ntf0加晦狮alysisc．g．，P()ncr’sfiVemodcl，Rcsourccs-b硒cdapproach，S咖ario缸alysis，ctc【67】．Seconmy'itissiIrlplcc0usc．Itpr0Videsstratcgypl删粥winlasystcmaticbutsimplewayforconductiIIgSWOT弛alysisPie雠1991．hIaddidon。itisdcnblc．Itc柚bcusedbydi‰tt疆x络0forgaIlizatio邶，includingcompaIlics，non-pr0丘torg肌iz撕∞s．govcmm锄tuflits．柚devcnbyiIlmViduals．A姗刀瞳bcrof托ccnny陀portedstudieshavctriedt0enh蛳cetheval比oftIleSW0-rapp∞扯h．SomehaVetricdt0p∞、，ideguidcliIlesbelpings眦gicanalyststoidcnti锣all他l砷edsn．engths，weakn髓scs，opportllniticsandtll陀atsfactofs．Pjmagiotou。forcx锄pIc，bynoticingthat：‘‘pl孤I．n吣玳leftilldication豁towhc陀t0鼢rchforsuch(S，W’O，T)Variables?’suggestcdaTel雠。雕obsenra廿。眦劬mcworkwhe陀e∞hlcncrst锄dsf研锄私pccthelpillg也eidentificationofSWaTfacta幅，c．g．，TstaIldingforTechIlologicalAdv孤cementSl681．1nheideaissiIIIn缸tothePEsT(P0．1itic乩E∞no眦cal，Social，锄dTec枷calfactors)丹锄eworksu鹊estcdcarl泌byW色nIrich，凹theFivcF0赋sModclbyPort一1J觚dR∞ourocs．b硒edvicwbyalotofwrite巧．nesedevelop．mentscoincidcw汕nlcideathataSWOT锄alysisshouldthomughly狮aly跹intemal锄d强嘲malc吖irDnmcn话．Thcprolifbra【i册0fthcseguidcliIlcsiInplicsthat扑a】ystswor巧dboutIni．ssingoutanyilnport蛆tSW0frfactortllatsubscqucntstratcgiesnⅨ，‘t0talccintoacc0姐LOtll盯麟c眦he体h撇triedtoqu锄岫meSw凹factors．Notably’iIIahy嘶dmetllodcallcdA’WaT【61，s∞figu陀1．2tllefactorsidcnti6cdbyaSWOT姐alysisa他cValuatedusingt11cAnal”icHie删rchyP∞·∞ss(AHP)，amulti-critcriametllodfordetc加血lil唱thc托1ativeiIIlport龃∞ofa嘶buteswimiIlag∞up【1蚋．n圮idcaofapplyingtIIeA肿tcchniqucwittlinaf|anleworkistosystcm．aticallycvaluatcthcSW0frfacto璐柚dmakcthcmcommensurablewitllrcgardtotlleir他lativcimporLancc．Thcc∞∞ptofquanti玲ingSWOTfacto塔isiIlte他sting雏itintroduccsmatIIcmaticalmodcliIlgiIltoSWOT觚alysis锄dstrategicm弛agcmcntprocesscs．．5． SWoT9唧svvoTf●ct∽滁譬。广i-]■}埘n、■tIv¨’，■百]⋯■了1Fig．1．2：HierarchicalpresentationofAl{PandSWI：yranalysisThereisaliIllitationtometramtionalSWar蛆alysiswbjchh硒notbeenmentionedbypreviousrcsearcherS．StrategicanalystscanoftenseemattheidentificationofSWarfactorsiswellguided，孤dtlleprocesswellstnlcturcd．Forexample，witIlthcassis啪ceofguidance肌dthroughcertainmetIIods(e．g．brajnstom血g，groupmee血gs)，aSWOTmat血wouldbederived，whichorga·IlizesautlleSWOTfactOrsinastnlccuredfaSllion．ButwhenitcOmestOtllefollowingstep，也egenerationofstrategicoptjons，mostwriterSare‘、Ⅳiseafkrtheevent’’orarbitrary．ThesestrategicOp60nsshouldbcb硒ed0ncu玎-entiI】tem引卸dcxtcmalsituatiOnsandbyanalyzingtheseoptionsastrategiStc蛆select卸appropriates【rategy【69，70】However'onlyfewlogicallinl(sexistbetweenaSWOT柚aJysis柚dthegenerationofsnIate—gic0ptiOns．Cun．ently，thereisagapbetwccnthesetwOcriticalstages．AsmentionedabOve，SWOT柚alysisexperiencedacrisis，aSHm强dWes【brookreportcdtIlatiswasoftens妇plyusedaSachccldistofintemaJ锄dexternaIfactOrs，柚dsomet抽舱sw签simplydiscaurdedaftertheanalysis㈣．negappreVentstheSW叽analisysfrombeillg硒helpfulaSitcouldbein山egen．erationOfstrategicoptions．TheOmyadVicegiVento龃a】ystsis：tObecreativeinthegeneratiOnofstrategicoptions山attlleSWOTanalysisresult．111d∞d，thisprocessiShjghlycreatiVeone，anditSeemstllat山ereisIittle、州terscandowi山people’scrca西ny【621．Butttlegaprefe玎edtoabovecOuldbena丌Owedift11etramtiOnalSWOTaIlzLlysiscaIlbcimpr0Vcd．IfalongIistofSWOTfactOrScanbercfinedi11tomorefocusedones，aSWar蛐iLlysiscouldbemOreeffectiveiIlthegenerationOfs仃ategicoptions． 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Chapter2．PreliIIlin撕esofnlestra肥舀csm砒m柚age糟c狮c卸哆∞雒t0achievcbcncrpc哟m柚cc锄dac0H畔titivcadV粗ta【gefortheiro曙枷zadon．Ano曙删zati∞iSsaidt0havecompetitivcadvantageijfitspfof-“abili哆isllighertll卸tIleav啪gepr0IitabnityfbraUcomp觚iesiIlitsmdusnyStfategicM锄agcm踮tc锄alsobedcflncd部abundlcofdcciSions柚dactS讹cham柚agcf衄dertak骼姐dwtlichdccideslheresllltofthe丘rm’spe哟眦粗cc．Them锄agermusth删eat110∞ughknowledge锄d扯alysisoftllege北脚蛆dcompetitiveo曙anizati∞alenv沛啪entso笛t0takcrightdccisiom．ncyshouldconducttoaSWOTAnmy嫡s(Sn℃ngtlls，Wbal【ncsscs，0p．portuIlitics，锄dn吒ats)，i．c．，mcyshomd脚妇bestpossiblcutn础onofthcstrcngtlls，Ininhizctheorg锄lizationalweaknesses，malceuseofthearisillg0pp‘'mllliticsfbmtIlebusinesscnV慨-mcmandshoul血’tigno他tllcthreats．S乜．atcgicmanagementisnothillgbutpl岫gforbotllprcmctable舔wcU雒u—色孙iblec∞tingencics．1tisapplicablct0bothsmall舔wcUla唱eorgalli-zatio∞觞evcn山csmallcstorganizationfacecompctition柚dbyfo皿ula血g蛆diIIlplemen血Igappr0砸atestra白egies，meyc狃anainsus协ablecompetitiveadV孤tage．Strategicm锄agem％tisawayinwhichs咖眈酉sts辩ttIleobjectivcs柚dproccssaboutanainingmcm．1tdealswimmal【j吨柚diJnple脚n血gdecisionsaboutfun玳血优tionofallorg：unization．Ithelpsustoiden吐毋the血优tion洒wllichanorgaIlizationismoV_ing．Strategicm锄agcmcntisacontilluouspmc髂sthateValuates锄dconn．0lsthebusiIlcss觚dthcilldustricsinwhich锄orgaIlizationisiIlvolved；evaluatesitscompetito巧觚dsctsgoals锄ds眦e-gicst0m瞅allcxjsting锄dpotcntialcompetit0巧；andm锄脱Valuatcsstmtc萄csona聊l缸b觞iSt0de咖劬chow“h笛b∞niInplem明ted弛dwhethcritw筋succcssfulord∞sitn∞ds陀pla∞menLSu仙晒c咖agem∞tgivcsabroadcrpcrspectivcto山ecⅡlployccsof姐。唱a妇i∞粕dthcy啪bcn盯眦dcrstandhow山eirjobfitsinto山een疵org豳lionaJpl柚柚dhow“isc0．relatcdtooth盯0rg甜li翻上ionalmcmbe璐．1tisnottIingbuttheaftofmanagillgemployccsillam猢盯wKchmaxilTliz髂tIlcabili哆ofactlieViIlgbusinessobjectiv髓．Thccmploy∞sbccomcmorcmlst·wonhy'mo陀∞Ⅲmitted纽dmo陀sa出fied舔theyc卸c0玳latethem辩lV酷vcry、№U埘th髓cho喀锄协ionaltask．Tbcycan吼dcrstaIldthcrcac60nofcnVirom玳：删ch锄g髓蛐tllco喀aIIi球．1m sw叽勰2L1ysisbasedonAxiomaticFuzzysetA唧孙dToP蹬tion锄dtllcprObablc坨sponscoftllcorgalli蹦ionwithmehclpofst豫tcgicmanagcmcnt．Thus，thccmploye懿c锄judgetlle血pactofsuchch觚gcsontllcirownjOb姐dc锄c脓帆lyfacethcch锄gcs．11lcm柚agc墙锄dcmploy∞smustdoappropriatctIliIlgsinappropriatcma尬er．ncynccdtObcbothcff毛ctivc舔wcll舔cffidcnt．S叽tegicm觚age璐idcnti毋Iong棚gc啤c坞，sc锄岫iropcn血genv的姗cnt'cvaluatcsthcirorgaIli刎on’sstnIctu他s柚d托sourocs，mtch岫跎totllechallengestllcyface，iden曲stakcholde璐矾dbundalli锄∞s，priorit波矾dpl锄actio眦，锄dmdkcadjus咖entstofulfiUpcrfor．manccoqectiVcsoVcrtime．Brinkerh0最ch啪ctcri_zcsstrategicm龃agementasloo比gout’lookjng诚柚dlookiIlgahcadll∞·101】．‘ZDD勋lgD∥’me蛆scxplo血gbcy仰dthcbound撕csofyoⅡo珞allizalionto∞tfc勰iblcobjcc-tivcs，idcnti毋stakcholde琏，柚dbuildconstitIl锄cicsfbrch卸gc．‘也∞砌g胁”呻lies嘶ticauy邪辩ssiIlgands吮ngtheningyollrsystc脚柏dstmctu他sform锄agmgpc体。肌cl，丘nan∞s，蛆dOm盯∞sential陀sources．Finally'“伽“ngc坊蒯”cntailsmeldingyoursn曩tcgywitll}tmctll他s锄d他sourccsto佗achyolIrpolicygoals。whilcmoIlitoringyourprog陀ss柚dadjustingyollrap-proach舔necdcd．Bal粕ciIIgstratcgicm孤agemcnt’s伽附和一，i11ward一，觚dfb刑a坩·lool【ingfunctiomhclpsyoudevclopaVision孤das仃ateg)rfbrwhe他姐dhowtomovchcalths∞tor球。fbmfbrvvard．Bal锄cingttlesc(1i骶姗tpcrspectivcsisthecs辩n∞ofm锄ag啦s叽tcgically【删oncoftllcmajor哟lcofstntegicmanagcm锄tistoiIlcorporatcVa一1psfunction砂a陀弱of也eorg蛆izationc0Inpletely，弱weu觞，toe监u陀the∞func曲nala他舔h锄Oni臻锄dgettogettlerwell．Anotllcrrolcof鲫隐tegicm柚agementistokecpacontinuouscycont11cgoaJs柚dobjcctivcOfthcorgaIlizatiOn．Stratcgicm觚agemcntcompriscs6vekcyflccts：gom∞砸ng，锄my嫡s，sn’ategyfomanon，s仃ate舒implemen协don，ands把ate斟momtorlng(s∞Figu托2．1)．The∞a坨tIle．mteg脚elcmentstIlat，when印pliedtogetller'distinguishst豫tegicmanagcmenth．omlesscomp陀hensiVeapproacbcs．such豳oper砒ionalmanagcmcntorlong-tc咖pl趴Iling．Stratcgicm锄agemcntis如itcrativc，continuousp帕∞sstllatinvOlvcsimport锄tiJltc住ctions柚dfbcdback锄ongtllc丘Vekcyfacets。wIlicha把cxplainedi11mOredctajl懿follows：．11． Chapter2．PreliminariesGo面-sem雌：Goal-跎ttillgcnablesyoutoarticulateyo毗vision：id印tifyWhatn∞dSt0bcaccomplished．dcIi北short-锄dlong—tcllllobjec咖es，锄dreJatctbemtowhaty0盯orga．nizationn∞dst0do．A‘锸ssi∞s呲em明t’’su咖arizcsy伽rpuI】pose姐dgoalsilIte册c舔ilybybomstafr锄dextemaIstakcholders．Anmy菇s：An毗ysisguidesyoutocoll瞅锄dconsiderin细皿ations0tIlatyoufullyun．dc略t觚dyo盯sitIlati∞．心sesextemalcnv的姗ents如dilltemalsitu撕onst0idcnti匆thcsⅡcng恤锄dweaknessesofyOllr0rg枷btionandtl圮oppornlni＆s锄dth咒atsyoufa∞髂yOu蹴kt0reachyourgOals．S的te斟Foma廿on：T0dcte咖iIleastrat嚼oyourc6ect，砸oritize，dcvelop0pIioIls，andmal【edecisi0璐．ReViewⅡ1e陀sllltSof吐le锄alysis。identi匆theissuesthaty伽andy叩rhplemcntiIlgpartnerSn∞dtoaddrcss，锄dprioritizct|lcmiIltcms0ftllcirurgen叫柚d眦gllitudc．Usettle靶陀slIltStodcsigIlaltcmaliVcstrategies柚dpl姐sthataddrcssthelccys乜舭egicissues．S仃翟te醪Implementa60n：’roimplcmcntyourstrategy'雒scmbletIlenccessary柚dapplythcm．P-Iltthechos即pla地int0pmcticc，础璐haJthe陀sour∞s蛆dcomⅢitmentsncc髓saryfbrmoviIIgahead，t印exjs血gcap扯时锄d，ofbundnewcapaci吼卸dseekt0扯hjevc他sul埝．Shte斟Monitor量嵋：MOnit0血gallowsyoutocheckyo叮pro伊esstowa—achievillgy0盯goals柚d私辩swhem盯明ych觚g既iIltlleenvironm髓tnecessitatczLltematio璐toy0Ilrs缸1tegy．Modi毋plam狮dactionst0adjusttotllciInpactofch孤gcsiIlthcopcratiIlgenVim姗∞LE伍ective瑚nit0血gallowsyout0rc扯tand锄ticipate．Monito咖galsof＆dsb孔killto卸mysis，s吮te罟：ydcsign，矾dirllplementationintheimmediate记咖扑dgoaloV盱thelongertcm．BelOw’a凭ttlcfeamr嚣Ofs呲e黟1．Stmte器issi印伍c弛tb∞孤∞itis∞tpossiblc的fb陀s∞thcfIltu陀．Wi山伽tapc疵=ctfb他sigllt'the丘巾雌mustbc他adytodcalwiththe吼certajIleventswhichconstitIl比thc-12． s、再'：玎analysisbasedon月Ⅸiomati呈旦zz!墨垒垒!田PandToPsIsFig．2．1：FacetsofSt鼹te班cM觚agement2．S弧legydc越swi也longt锄dcVeloPmcntsratllcr【ll粕routi北opcratio璐，i．c，．itdcalswi山probabilit)，ofinIloV撕onsorncwproducts．ncwmcttlodsofproductions，or鹏wmarkctstobedcvclopcdi11fIIm他．3．Stratcgyiscrcat酣t0ta：keiIlt0accounttIIcprobabIcbchaviorofcllstome瑙锄dcoI印etitors．S响tcgicsdcalingwitllcmployccswillpn证cttllccmploy∞bchavior．Strak科isaweUdc胁cdroad-mapof锄org：lIli盟tion，itdc丘北s山covcrallmission’Vision锄d血训伽of硒。曙．越z砸on．nlcobjectiveofastralcgyistoma)dr毗比姐organiz撕on’ss眦ng【lls狮dto面njrnj跹thes吨ngthsof岫compctit粥．S口戳e肼iIIsho吒bridg∞龇gapbe附een·‘wherewear℃"and¨whefewcwanttobe，’．ComponentsofaStrategySbtement1nhcstrategystatcm锄tofafl册∞tsmcfi加’slong-tc加s叽tegicdircction锄dbroadpoI卸血cctions．ItgivcstIIcf．maclc盯scn∞of血cction硼dablucp血tforthcf’珊l’s∽曲iticsforupconlingyca璐．TIIlcmainconstitucntsofastratcgicstatcmcnta他酗follows：1．Str甚te毋cIntentAnorg矾ization’sst豫tcgiciIItcntisthcpurpo∞thaticexists孤dwhyitwil】continuet0exjst，pfoVidingitmaintamsacom|petitivcadV觚tage．S盯atcgicintcntgiV∞．13． Chaptef2．Preliminariesapic眦aboutwhat锄O喀aIli船tionmustgctint0hIllncdiatelyiIlord盯to∽llievctllecom—p蛆y’sVision．Itmo咖呲esthepcoplc．Itcl砌髓thevisionoftl地company-Snte西cilltcnthelpsm柚agementt0emph越izleandc∞cen眦eontllepfioriti髓．S缸ategicintentis，noth．iIlgbut，tlle硼uencing0f狮0瑙痂zation’s陀sOurcc：potential锄dco陀compet锄ciest0∞咄-vcwhatat觚tmayscemt0bc髓-a出cvablegOalsinthccompcti曲cenviI锄mcnt．Awcncxpresscds呲egiciIltcntshouldguidcI，St∞rthede、relopmentOfs廿砒egicintcnt0rsct-tillgof90als柚dobj倒vcsthat他quhtllatallo瑙臧zalion’scompctcncicsbccon仃0llcdto眦imumValue．StratcgicilltcntiIlcludcsdircctingo略aIlization’sancntion∞mcnecdofwillI血g；iIlspiringpeoplebytclhngthcmth砒targetsa咒Valuable；encouragingilldivid·ualandtc锄p枷cipa￡ion雒wcll笛contribution；粕dutilizingiIItent￡odir∞tanoca￡i咖of瞄ourccs．Strate西c访tcnldi旋rs胁mstmtcgic丘tiIlawaytllatwhilestrate西cfildealswi也h蛐oniz咄洲ailable他sou眦s弛dpotc蚯alst0血cextemalcnv的姗ent，strategicimentemph勰izes∞bundillgnew陀sourccs蛆dpotentialsso私toc咒ate跹dexploitfhturcoppormIlitics．2．M值ssionStatementMissionst砒cmcntistllcstatcmcntoftherolebywhich粕org觚血ati∞intcndstoserveit’sst俎汜holdc琏．ItdcscrilⅪswhyanorgani髓tionisopem血19龃dtIluspr0、，id∞a疳ameworkwimiIlwhichs心ategiesa咒fo彻ulated．Itdes嘶beswh毗tIleOrga|1i一髓妇do骼(i．c．，prc辩ntcapabiliti嚣)，whoaJlitserves(i．c．，stal【eholdcrs)锄dwhatmakesanorg绷血ationmlique(i．c．，愆弱onfbrexist％cc)．Amissionstatemenld近色陀ntia￡cs弛。曙；痂刎∞fbmotIlefsby既plail曲gitSb∞ad∞opeofaclivilics，itspfoducb，锄dtcch一∞logiesitu蝤t0achievcitsgoaJs锄ddbjcctives．IttaJl【Sabout蠲。唱痂zalion’spre辩眦(i．e．．‘‰utwhc佗we玳”)．F0rinst锄∞，蛐咖s矾’smissionistohelpp∞pleandbusi-北s∞s吐聃ughoutn圮wondt0北ali趵也eirfuUpotential．W枷-Man’smissl佃is‘、0酉垤ordiIlaryfo畋thcch觚∞t0buythcs啪ct址ng签richpeople”．Missionstatemcntsalwayscxist缸topIevclof柚orgalli功tion’butmayal∞bcmadefor嘣ouso曙卸jzatioIlallcv·cls．ChicfcxccutiVeplaysasigI曲cantmlcinfo皿tllati∞ofmissionstatemcnLoncctbemj酞i∞s眦ementisfb咖ul砒itscn髑the叫乒lizationinIongmn，butitmaybcc0戏．1缸 swaT觚alysisbasedon触iomaticFuzzysetA船型翼PsIs卸曲igllouswithorg；蚵zationalgrowtll锄di肌ovatio啮．htoday’sd”alnic锄dcompct·i山c咖的nmcnttmissionmay北edtobc托dcfincd．Howcvcr’ca陀mustbctakcnth砒tllcrcdefincdmissi∞statcmentshouldhavcoriginalfundamcmals，components．Missionst砒cmenth擎thr∞maincompOncn坞-astatemcntOfInissionorVision0fthecomp锄y'astatcm蚰tofthec0陀Valucsthatshapettleacts锄dbchaviorOfthcemploy∞s，锄dastate腓ntofttlego甜s缸dobjcc吐ycs．FeatIIl懈ofaⅫss萱ona．Missionmustbcfe舔ible粕dattaillablc．Itshouldbepositivet0acllieveit；b．Missionshollldbede缸∞ougllso也atanyactionc锄bctal【cn；c．nshouldbeiIlspiringforthcmanagcmcnt，鼬af!f。柚dsocic哆atlarge；d．1tshouldbcp∞ccisccnough，i．c．，“shouldbeneithcrtoobIDadnortoonan．0w；c．1tshouldbcuIlique狮ddistiIlctivctOlcavc觚imp孔tiIleVcryone’srnjnd；f．nshouIdbc锄a1)，tical，i．c．，itshoIlld柏aly勰thekeycompo北ntsofthcs叽tegy；g．1tshouldbec陀diblc'i．e．，austakchold盯shouldbeabletobelilweiL3．Ⅵsi加AVisiOnstatementidentificswheretheOrg扯izatiOnw柚tsOrintcndst0beinfutu他orwhc陀itsh∞ldbetobestmecttIlencedsofsta：kehold既Itdcs甜besdre锄s锄d筋pi·豫tio璐forfum他．F0riIlst柚cc，Mjcr惦oR’sVi蓟onis‘‘tocmpowcrpI∞plethroughgreat∞脚a他，柚ypla∞，0r蛆ydcVi∞”．W枷-Mart’s、『I蓟onistobccomcworldwidclcad盯iIl咒tailillg．AVisionistllcpotentialtoViewtlIillgsaheadofthcm跎lvcs．It锄6we岱thcqucstion‘、vhe陀wcwantt0bc”．ItgiVesusa陀rnjndcraboutwhatwcattcmptt0d∞relop．AVisiOnstatcmcntisforthcOrganization矾dit’smembc璐．unlikctllcrnissionstatcmentwmchisfor山ccustomers，clicnts．Itcontributesincd．ectivcdccisionm舳19笛wcllcf-f醯tivebusincsspl柚ning．1tinco叩oratcsasha他dundc塔t卸dingaboutthcnatu他锄daimOftIlcorg扑izacion锄dutili跹s山isundcrst锄dingt0diI．ect矾dglIidctllco瑁“zationtO·wardsabcttcrpurposc．1tdcscribcsmatonachjeViJlgtllcmission．howthc0rganjzatiOnfutu咒wouldappe盯t0bc．-15- Chapter2．Prelimin撕esAncff确vcvisionstatementmusth孙，ctllefollowing砌mrcsa．1tmustbcun枷bigIlous；b．Itmustbeclear：c．Itmusth锄oni跫wimo唱a11izalion’scultllreandValues；d．Thcd他锄s狮d舔pir刁匝011smustbcntion训kalistic；e．V强ionstatem饥tSshollldbcshOncrsothattllcya他c豁icrtomcm池．hord盯t0陀ali扰tlle“sion，“mustbedeeply．mstallediIlnleo曙anizalion，being0wncd瓶dsharcdbycvcD，o北证volVedinthe0穆m也ation．4．‘湖s柚dobj础V幅Agoalisadcs№dfumrcstate0robjcctivctIlat姐。瑁卸jzationtri鼯toachic、忙．GoaIsspccifyiIlpanicul缸whatmustbedoncif觚org卸-izationist0anaill皿以sion甜vision．Goalsmal【emissi伽mo陀印omin曲t粕dcOnc他tc．Thcyc0-0rdinatc觚dintegratcV撕ousfunctiOnaJ姐ddcpanlncntala他雒in蛆orgam黯tion．WeUmadcgOalshaVcfollOwingfcamrcs乱Thc辩玳pr妇孤dme舔毗曲lc：b．1’t屺辩looka缸r嘶ticaI柏dsigniIic扯tissues；c．11圮辩a他陀alisticandchallen西ng；正11Ic靶mustbeachieVedwithinaspeci丘ctiI眦丘狮e；c．Thc辩iIldudcboth缸孤c柚私wellnon·fin柚ciaJcomponents．objectiV璐疵defincd弱goalsthato玛a毗谢∞wa吣toactlievcoVerapcriodoftimc．Thc∞a陀龇foml枷onofpla加．iIlg．f’olidcsarcdevclopcdinanorg卸娩ation∞硒to孔hicvcthe辩objcc小，cs．Fb咖uJationofobjcc小^瞄isthct弱koftoplevelm蛆agement．E旋ctivcobjcc【ivcshavefollowiIlg缸帆麟：乱Thc辩a托nmsingle锄。喀卸i盈tion'butmul【iplc：．16． SW∞柚alysisbasedonAxiomaticFuzzySetA耶a11dToPSISb．0bjcctivcsshouldbcbothshort·吣Hn觞wcU笛long-tc肌；c．abjectivesmust陀spond柚drcactch柚gesinen咖姗ent’i．c．，tIleymustbcncxiblcd．T1Icscmustbcfc硒ible，陀alisnc姐dOpc飓tional．EVoluUonofs仃ateglcmanagementFromhisextcnsiVeworkilltllcfield，Bnl∞Hende娼onofmeBostonCo∞ultingGroupcon·cludcdthatiIltllitivcs呲egiesca加otbccontilIucdsucccssfullyif(1)thecorI'0rationbccomcslargc。(2)ttIclayc倦ofmanagementiIlc他舔c，or(3)mccnv函onmcntchangessubstantially．Fol·lowingisthceV0lutionprocessofthestntegicmanageInent．Pha辩1·B舔icfillancialpl锄1i119：S优kbett盯operationalcon臼olbytryiIlgtomeetbudgets．Pha辩2-Fo托c勰tb舔cdpl卸ning：Secking啪ree疏ctivep1柚曲唱for伊owthbyⅡyiIlgt0pr础ctttlefutu他bcyondnextyc札Pha鸵3．E坟temallyoricntcdpl砌ng(str．ategicplam血g)：S∞比gi眦他弱iIlg陀sponsiVc-nesst0m缸ketS锄dcompctitionby廿yingt0tllinl【s口ategically．孙a鼯4．Strategicm粕agcment：ScekingacompetitiveadV觚tage锄dasuccessfulfutll他bym柚agmgall陀sour∞s．Pha辩4irItllc“olutionoft11cst均tcgicm柚agcmcntiIlcludcsaconside陷tionofstrategyimple-．mentationand“aluationandcontrol，iIladditiontocmph舔izcontllestrategicpl蛐Iginph嬲eG即crmElectric。oncoftlIepion∞rsoftllestrategicpl柚ning'lcdtllc咖sitionf沁mttlcstrategicplanniIlgtosⅡatcgicmanagcm锄tdudngtllc1980s．Bytlle1990s．mostcorpomtionsaroundtl圮worldhadals0bcgun山econvcrsati∞tos帆tcgicm如agem∞t．SⅡa【cgicm柚agcmcnth舔nowcVolVcdtothcpointmat“ispfima巧Valucistohelpthcorga·Ilizationopcr纰csucccssfullyiIldynaIIlic。compIexcnVironment．’robccompctitivcindynaIIliccm，曲姗ent，co唧rationshaVctObccomclcss‰aucratic狮dmorcncxible．IIIstablecnviron·mentssuch觞tllo跎t}I砒havcexistcdi11thep舔t，acompetitivcs吮tegysimplyinvOlVcddefining．17． Chapter2．PrelirI曲aIiesacompctitiveposition翘dtllendcfendiIlgit．Bccauscittakeslcss姐dlesstimeforoneproductortechllologyt0rcplaceanomer'companiesare丘ndingthattherearenosuchtllillgaLscompetitiveadVantage．coq，0rationsmustdeVelopstrategicflexibili哆：t11eabiI时toshift仃omonedorninaJltstrategytoanotller．Stratcgicflexibih哆demandSalongte皿commitInenttothedeVelopment蛆dnunur-iIlgofcritical咒sources．Italsodem柚dstIlattllecompaIlybecomealeamiIlgorg卸ization：锄org柚izationslcilledatcrcatiIlg，acquiring，锄d咖sf色rringlmowledge柚di11sights．kanliIlgo卜gaIlizationsavoidstabni哆throughcontilluousseIf．exaIIlinationsandexperimentations．f’eopleatal】levels，notjustnletopm姐agement，needtobei11VolvediIlstrategicm锄agement：scaIl血19也eenVironmentfor嘶ticaJinfb珊ation，suggcstingchaIlgestoS仃ategics柏dpro黟锄stotakead．VantageofenVirDnmentalsllifts，孤dworkingwithotherstocontinuouslyimproVeworkmetllods，procedures姐devaluationtecmliques．AtXerox，forex锄ple，aUemployeeshaVebccntrailledi11small-groupactiVities觚dproblemsolVillgtechIliques．Theyareexpectedtousethetechniquesata11m∞tings锄data11leVels，w汕notopicbe吨。昏liInits．8u啊—协ryp岫憎r叼●00n州F●^-t柚aO-tn■C●删h—■矗h■F■q■■：■脚■●■Caan由瞳日n■o■'州姊B“畸—目叼嗤h—唯Cor口ar●_瞻pl一．n●-■纠-'■帕口ro州●‘·dh■n■■a岫'●■簟蠹岣●●ak■●啊■■——b．Po■蛳■■h■■■—’憎口Co啊o—■憎●出—a●—一Foa_知■∞■o‘●“N—c口n-■●U呐●d蝈_曲■e默晴咖h■均～■翰R∞_％帅‘t0●■—^^l■帅■——lyF．■●c■曲●且岫矗■岫—_，啪R●●■H_‘C●●—■_O—，—-●—■_—■哟nc—■■——l●■■晦—-●m●n4E羽——●-·∞棚n■Sh■暑●叼●d—Ca—■—-坼S，_-■咿^岫■p帅■v“O-n●—■E●碣—■-●●H，■‘■■曩■-1cI‘一K^翻—●a-—●■■■●—■卜C●日x■■●■-_l叼d啦口_d．R‘●●o-a■『■■恤p■嘲-l■Dn—E●■k■b吖LGb■■■H●啊_■■岫●■t誓曩l■蕾R—由Ⅲ咖函■R—聃—n—_●-g．R—o_■略o—'a_口■叼．^■-日■n■h■啊t●S■‘O●■—证■●On‘v■_I■a■—豳瞳■mFig．2．2：EVolutionofstrategicm柚agement一18．厂_I一—] SWOTanalysisbasedonAⅨiomaticFuzzySetAHP柚dToPSlS2．2B嬲icmoddofstrategicmanagem明tM觚agementsc觚sbothmecxtcmale删的nmcntforopponllnitics姐dthreats锄dthcillt*nal∞、，i∞姗∞ncalforsb．cngths锄dweaknesscs．Thefonowingf．act0璐tIlata他mostilnpon蛆tt0tlleco叩oralion’sfutll地a他callcds仃砒egicfktorS：Sn．cngⅡ塔，Wea：I(1lcsscs。opportllni如s，锄dnⅡ．cats(SWOT)．Strategicm锄agementconsistsoffollrb弱iccIcments：1．EIlvironmentalsc孤ning；2．Strategyfb加ulati叩；3．Strategy洫plementation；4．EvaluatiOnandconn．01．Em，immnentms翰nningE加油姗entalscanningisthcmonito血g，cvaluatiIlg蛆ddisscmirIatiIlgofinfomationfromthecxt锄aI翘dint锄alenV曲姗∞ntstokecppeoplewithinthcco硼枷On．1tisat00lthatacorpomtionu辩stoavoidsn．ategicsurpri跎柚dtoenslu℃10ng-t锄hcalth．1'lleenviro姗cntalsc砌ngcompris骼：(1．)nesc粕mngofcxtemalenv的啪entalV撕ables：t量Icsocialenv的nmentiIlcludesgeneralforccstllatdonotdircctlytouchontheshort·姗∞tiviticsoftheorg枷zationbuttlIoscc锄，姐dof渤do，砌ucnccitslong-mndccisio璐．ne∞f6rccs批：Economicforces；T．cchnologicalfb托cs；Political·legalforces；SocioculturalforOes．(2．)Sc锄血19ofsocialcnv的咖cnt：Thesocialenv的l加entcontj曲sm觚ypossiblestr砒egicf她to璐．Thenumbcr0ff她to体bccomcscno加10uswhcnonc他ali跫tllatcachcounnyintlleworldc觚bc陀p陀辩ntcdbyits0wnulIiqucsct0fsocictalforccs．somcOfwhicha陀VcD，siIllil缸toncighbo血lgcountrics柚dsome0fwKcha聆vcfym丘．erent．(3．)MoIlito血gofsocialtrends：Largccorpomtio啦catcg嘶zcdtllesocialcnvironmentillanyo鹏gcogmphic他gionintofourare勰柚dfbcust|lcirsc锄ningiIlcacha托aonn℃ndswim．19． Chapter2．PreliIIlinaIiesc0唧rate—widercleV粕cc．Tlrcnds访tofbllr矧：硒柚dfocllsmcirsc锄JIingill∞charca∞廿endswithcorporatc-widerelev锄cc．1hndSin柚ya托a姒ybcvery曲p0咖ttothe丘衄siIlothcrilldustri懿．T蛔溅in∞伽oInicpanofsocietalenv的nmentc觚havc柚0bvious呻act0nbusinessac￡ivi吼(、h锄gcsiIl￡hc蛐ologjcalpaItofthcsocic锄钮viro衄enthaveasjgnj丘c觚cim-pact0nbusiness丘rms．De脚graptlictrendSarepan0fsodo饥ltural觞pcctsofn圮sOcie叫envimnment．(4．)IIltcmationalsocie哆considcration：Fore觚hc叫ntricsorgroupofcountri嚣iIlwhichacomp勰yopcntes'm柚age眦nt则stfaceawh01encWsocictalen、怖衄锄thav吨雠fbrenteconomic，tecllnological，political．1egal。殂dsodocultumlvariables．11lisiscspc．ciauy孤issuefbra舢ltin撕onalc0驴ration，acomp柚yhavingsigrIjfic龃tm姐ufacmring姐dmarkc咖gopcmtioIlsiIlmul卸lecountri懿．IIlt唧ationalsociet)，cnv的舳entsv唧sowidelythataco印0ration’sintemalenVironmentandstratcgicmanagementpmccssmustbeve巧ncxiblc．Diff讯ncesiII∞dalenv的姗entSs仃0nglyafjf&tmcwaysillwllichamultiIIationaIcomp锄y．(5．)Sc删血gofmet筋kcnvimnm饥t：A∞rpDration’ssc觚I洫gofthccnviIDnm锄tshouldinclude强alysijsofallthereleV柚telementinttlet弱kenv的彻鼢t．1nhese粗alvsistal【ethef细ofindiVidualrcporbwrinenbyv罩晡ouspe叩leindi行brentpansofthe丘朋雌．The∞觚doth盯心portSa陀thcnsu删m捌柚dt吃腿Tnincduptllcco印r砒ctlie例rchyfbrtopm柚agem锄￡lou∞iDs妇le西cdecision删ll【ing．Ifa北wdcvclop删￡删edrj蹭afcIingapanicul盯p∞ductc锄egoⅨtopm柚agem∞tmayth∞sentmemostopeoplethroughtheo唱卸伽ont0watchf．or粕dreportsondcveiopmcntillrelatcdproducta陀嬲．TlllcmanyreI'ons髅llltiIlg纳m∞锄niIlg幽nswhcnboilcddowlltotlll出es∞ntial，act笛dctajlcdlistofextcmals峨lte舀cf她t0岱．．20- T0fbnnulatcastratcgy，a丘彻shoulddevclopaco叩oratc吼d曲优tionalstrategy'illn把f01lowing，wccxplaillwhatcorporatc如ddhctionalstratcgicsmc觚．Co种rateStratcgy：Co叩oratcs呲cg)，isabouttIlechoiceofd眈cti∞forthc丘衄觞awhole．T掀istnlcwhetIl盯tlle6咖isasmalI，O耻-productcompanyoraIargcmultiIla．tionalco驴nti011．IIlalargemulti-busillcsscomp抓y'oral鹕emul曲ati∞alco叩嘶0n．1llalargcmulti-businesscompany’howevcr’corporatcst豫teg)risalsoaboutm锄ag啦variousp州uctlines卸dbusinessunitsform洳umvalues．IntlIisiIlst柚ce。corpo删【chcadqua疵邪muscplaycllc∞lcofo喀柚i砑cional‘‘pa佗nt’’illtIlat“mustdcaJwitlIvariousp∞duct锄dbusiIlcssullit‘‘cllildrcn”．Ev吼tlIough∞chprod眦tliIleorbusiIlessu11ith舔itso帅competitive0rcorpo枷vestrategythatisuscsto0btajnitSOwncompetitiveadv姐tageh也em耐kctpla∞，tllccorpo训onmust∞ordiIlatctll∞cdif!f．c他ntbusiIlcssstratcgies∞tllatthccorpontion舔awholcsuccceds硒a‘吮mlily”．C0rpo飓lesn翟￡c暑弘thcrcfb陀．illdudcsdecisio嬲reg弛gthc丑owOf6n锄cial龃do￡hcr他sou玎∞st0翘dhDmacomp如y’spmduct1ines柚dbusinessullits．nouglIas研esofcoordirI痂gdevi∞s，acompanytr锄sfc硌sl(ills狮dcapabilitiesdevelopediIIao北uIlittootll盯uIlitsthatnccdsuch陀sourccs．bnlisway'itsancmptstOobtaills”crgies锄ong姗-merousproductlines锄dbusiIIess嘶tss0thatthecOrpOr砒ewholeisg托砒时thanthesum0fitsiIldiVidualbusillessuIlitpans．舢lco印ratiom，f．ro舶tllesmalJ骼tcomp柚yom蛹ng伽cproductinomy∞cindus时tomel峨cstconglomefatcopc觚ngiIIm柚y抽dustricsiIl蚴yproductmus￡，atonctiIncor锄othcr’consid盯onc0rmo肥oftllc∞issues．DiI℃ctionaJs仃atcg_)，：Just髂cveUproductorbusinessunitmustfollowabusill船ssn鼍lcg)，toimprovcitscompctitivcposilion，cVc哆co驴rationmustdccidcitsoricntationtow勰dsgrowthby雒kingthcfOllowiIlgtllr∞qu∞【ions：1．Shouldwc懿pand，cutbacl【．0fcon血ueouropcfations蛐ch锄gcd?2．Shouldweconccntratcour扯tiViticswitlliIlourcur赡ntindus廿yorshouIdwcdivcr-．21． Chapter2．Prel曲iIlariessi母intootll盯iIldustri髓?3．Ifwewamtogrow锄dcxpan出shollldwed0sot11mughiIltcmaldcvclopmentorcll∞ughex啪alacquisitio璐，me唱e璐，orjoilltV％tⅥ℃s?Ac011舢ion’s№ctionalstrategyiscomposcdoftllI优gc∞ralorientatiomtowards伊吣，th(soⅡ圮tiI眦scalled伊龃tst豫tegies)：·Gfowths乜ategycxp弛dsthe∞mpany’s∞曲ities．·Stabili哆str砒cgiesmakc∞ch觚getothccomp锄y’scun．entacliVitics．·Re廿．cnchments臼ategi髓陀du∞thecomp聪y’slcvclofactiViticsGmw恤s仃ate野Byf打themostwidelypursedco唧tesⅡategi骼ofbusillessfi爪塔a11etho跎designedto扯hievc伊ow吐linsaJcs，舔sets，profit'orsomecomb洫ationOfthe∞．The把a地twOb懿iccorpc)ntcgrow山s臼眦cgics：Con∞ntrationwittlinoneproductliIlc0r砌us旬叮anddiVc稿i丘cationintoothcrproduct柚diIldustri髓．Thc辩c锄be孔IlieVcde弛crint锄allybyillvestiga血gillncwpmductdcVclop-m∞tor甑嘲maJly岫ughmcrge培∞quisitionors廿atcgica：lli柚ccs．A小￡，苫E，-isa嘶sactioniIlVolViIlgt00rmo陀co驴ratio璐iIlwhichstockisexch觚gcd，but丘DmwlIichoIllyonccofpo删onsmVivcs．Me唱e塔usuaJlyOccurbct、Ⅳcen丘朋临ofsomewhats砌l缸s眈锄d玳uf’蝉ly‘协∞dly”．nc陀sul血gfinnislil【elyt0havcan锄ederiVed纳mits∞m．p0Silefi珊s．加口叼谢sfff．柳istllcpurch私cofcomp加ytllatiscomplctclyabso而cd舔柚opcratiIlgsIIbsidiaryofdiVisionofthcacqu幽gcorporation．Acquisitio璐usuaUyocclIrbem，oenfi皿晦Ofdif!fb陀nts眈s锄dc衄beeither伍endlyorhostile．Hostileacquisitiona亿0舭ncalledtal蝴IVe璐．As锄Itcgicalli柚ccisapa彻ershipoftwo0rmom∞唧tionsorbusin髂suIlitst0扯hieves昀tc·西callysigllificantobjcc：tiV懿Ihata托mumallybene丘dal．Stabm臼stlrategi馏Thcc0唧砸onmay抵鸵stabili哆ov盯gro、Ⅳthbyc0眦iII血gitsc啪t孔tiVitics丽thoutanysig心c锄曲舳gcindi陀cti∞．1kstabili哆砌yof∞印D髓les啪legi嚣伽bcappropriatcfbra·22· sw沂anaLlysisbasedonAX堕m皇!堡且zzysetA耶觚dToPsIssucccssfulco和ration0pcratingiIIa陀私ondblyp化dicatablecnVironmcnt．Stabili哆strategicsc锄bcvcD，usefulinshortmnbutc锄bedangerousiffoUOwcdfortoolong．SomeOfmo陀popul盯ofthescs口ategicsa他：Pause弛dp删wittIc她tions昀嘲跏∞ch孤gcs仃ategy，p础ts仃ate黟COrpOrakp剐陀n6ngCo叩。豫tcpa陀ntingViews∞rlpomtioniIIt锄sofr懿ouD∞s柚dcapabili血sthatc锄beusedtobuildbusincssValucs舔wcU弱gencm伦ssyneFgiesacrossbusillessunits．Thecorporatepa他ntings仃a庀cgicsc弛bcdevelopcdillfollowsways：1．Examinceachbusinessunitintc肌sofits丽ticalsuc∞ssf．actoI苫．2．ExaIni北c∽hbusiIlcssuIlitiIltcmsOfa麟iIlwllichpcrlfb册肌∞c强beimprovedStI鼍tegyimple皿屺nta廿onStratcg)，implemcntationisthesumtOtalOfthc孔tiVitics锄dchoi∞sraqundforthe既-ecuti∞ofs妇tcgicpl蛆bywhichs的teg慨锄dpolicies蚤cquh训fbrtllccxecutionofsn．ategicpl柚bywhichstraccg慨柚dpolicicsa砧putiIltoaction岫ughtlledeVclopmcntofprog棚m，budgets姐dpmccdu他s．舢tlloughi|nplcm锄叫∞isusuauyconsideIIedafters帆tegyh觞b∞nfomulated，岫plemcntationisakcypanofstmtcgicm锄agement．Thuss吮tcgyf0皿ulation锄ds廿ategyimplementationatc山e俺，0sidesofthesaInecoin．ImpIemen廿ngs仃ate对DcpcndingOnhowtheco印orationisorg柚i跹dtlIo辩whOimplementSs廿ategvwillp∞bablybcamuchmo咒diVorocdgroupofpeoplcth孤tho辩whofo咖ulatcit．Mostof山epeoplein岫organizationwhoa陀cmc瑚tosuccessfulsn．atcgyimplementationprobablyhadlittletod0wittlttledcvelopmcntofco叩oratc柚dcv锄busiIlcsssn．atcgy．The陀fo陀。tllcymightbccntiI．clyigno·瑚tofV懿￡amountofdata锄d、Ⅳ0rkintof0锄ulationpro∞ss．Tllisisonc他瑚nwhyinvolViIlgmidmemanage体intllef0册ulation雒well懿intlIe砷plementationofs仃megytcndSt0他sultiIlbcttcrorg柚izationalpcrfb珊蚰cc．’DeVdopingprograms，bud辞协柚dp阳硎叫—鸭Thcmanagc璐ofdiVisions矾dfunctional眦舔wofkcdwithtIlcirfellowm锄agc璐todcVclopprogr彻∞，budgcts柚dproccdu陀sfbrimplc-mcntationofs仃atcgy．T1lcyals0workt0achieVcsyneFgyamongtIlemVisions锄dfunctionala咒雒．23． chapter2．Prel蛐堑竺illord盯lo髓tablishandmailltailIacomp柚y’sdistiIl砸vecom附cncc．Pro矿锄啮：Ap|09咖isastatem曲tofthe孔tiVitiesorst印sto孔complishasin百cu靶pl蛆．Thepurp∞eofp∞孕觚隧iStomakcas眦egyactionoricn圃．Budgeb：Abudgetisastatementofcorpo豫tion’sprDg舢liIlmollitoryte珊s．觚erpm—g衄sarcdcvclopcd，thcbudgetprocessbegiIls．Pl柚11ingabudgctistlIcl舔t剃chcckacorpomtionh雒∞thcfc雒ibm母ofitssclcctcdstmtegy．Anidcalstra肥gy血ghtfoundtobccomplctcly岫pmctical0Illym盯spcci丘chplcmentaIionprogra眦arccost酣indetajl．nⅫ湖叫1嚣：PrDccdurcsa亿systcmofsequentiaJstcpSortcctlIliquesmatdcs谢bciIldetailbowap龇ticlll缸taskorjobistobcdonc．Evahla缸蛐andCon钾olEvaluation锄dconnDlistllep∞ccssofbywhjchco驴ratcac咖ities锄dperfb珊an∞s砖·sultsarcmollito删s0thatactIlalpc—．om狮∞c觚bccompa陀dwimdcsircdperfb咖锄cc．Thcevaluati∞蛆dconⅡDl跚beVi哪ed舔a丘vcstcpsf醅dbackmodcl：DetcⅡnille、地attome舔urc；Establishstandards0fpcffD珊ance；Me笛u陀扯malperf0珊卸髓；Comparc舵malperfo珊锄∞withthestand删：T狄ecor咒ctiveaction．Evaluation卸dcon臼oliIlfomationc∞sistsofperfb皿姐cc咖肌dactiVity他ports．Tbpman-agem％td0∞tn∞dtoinVolve．珏how列cr'meprocess∞吐圮璐elVcscauscttle蚰desiI蜘叫珏I叫M：e，bothtopm强agc璐柚dopcralionalm狮agc璐m璐tl【llowaboutitsothatthey啪devclop北w呻lem朋tationp∞gmI璐orpm∞du坨s．Evalu蚯on孤dconⅡDlillf0册撕onmustbc陀leVanttowhatiSbeiIlg脚nitored．OneoftheobstKlestoe丘．ectivccontrolisthe蚴cul哆illdevclopiIlgapprap—alem昀su瞄0fimpcI栅tactivi如andoutputs．2．3MCDMMethodshscction1．1，wehave蹴ntll砒dcspiteiB弼d髂p咒adu靶，SW(yr狙alysisisnotwithoutde6cicnci鹳柚dwcalmess∞，舡Idalargegapn0配thele骚e)凼协be阳，eenaSWOT锄alysisanditsfoUow吨step-钉ategyf0珊ulati∞．Sin∞SW0亿byitselfdo嚣nmpmVide啪ysto∞lect’．2．和 SWOTanalVsisbasedonAxiomaticF、lzzySetAHP如dTOPSISh锄cc，面。州∞stratcgicstobcuscdiIlmcs昀tcgyimplcmcntationstcp；Dccisionmakers，m饥，combiIlcSW0frwi山somequ姐titativemethodstoma】【cit珊D化cmctivc．1lln圮followmg，眦in仃IDduccsomeMCDMmctllodsw量licha北豫lev柚tfortlIisstudy．2．3．1AmnreyofMCDMmemo出Mul叫cCri蜘aDecisionMaking(MCDM)比妇tom蛐gdecisi0璐in舭prcsen∞ofmllltiplc，usuallyconnicting，cri耐a．MCDMproblc吣眦co删onillcVc巧daylife．InpIer-∞nalcontcxt，ahouseoracar∞cbuysmaybcch啦ctcrizcdiIllc邝略ofpricc，s协．styIc，safb呗comfon’ctc．111busincsscon咄叱MCDMproblcmsa陀mo陀cOmplicatcd强dusuauyofla唱cscalc．F0r戗锄plc，蚴nycompanicsiIlEuropc舭conductingorgani枷onalscn瑟sess撇ntusiIlghund陀dsof舐teria锄dsub“te血sctin吐圮EFQM(Europc姐Fo岫daljonforQuaJ时M柚agcm∞t)busiIlcss铱ccllcncemodcl．PIlrch鼬illgdepanm∞tsof1argc∞mp撕csof【cnn∞dtocvaluate山cifsupplic璐usiIlga舳gcofcritcriaind调fe他nt撒a，such觞afkrsalcservi∞tqualit)，m柚agcmcnt'6n锄ciaIstabili吼ctc⋯舢thoughMCDMproblemsa咒widcsprcadalltIlctimc'MCDM勰discipliI圮oIlly'h勰a佗la．曲elyshonbistoryofabout30yc躺．ncdcvclop眦ntofthcMCDM拙cipU北isdoselyrela砌totlIeadvancemcntofcomputertccllIloIogy．111oneh锄d'tlIcnpiddcvelopme毗0f∞mpu噼b∞hnolog)riIl他∞ntycarsh舔madeitpossiblct0conductsystcm撕c锄alysisofcomputcrs狮diIlfbrmati∞tecllrIologyhltgeneratedahuge硼ountOfiIlfb册撕0n．wlIichmal【csMCDMiII·c陀勰iIIgly证Iport柚t蛆duscfuliIlsupponingbusiIlessdccisionm越19．n讹玳manymctllodsavajlablcforsolVingMCDMproble瞄孙刚icwcdbyHw加g锄dY．00n【7¨。tIloughsomcofthcmethodswcrccriticizcd硒adhoc锄dtoccrtailldcgr∞unjusti·丘cdonthco陀tical蛆讹rcmpirical孕．0unds【7∞．The把wc陀cancd．mcady1990stOdcvclOpncwmetllodstll趾couldproduccconsistent柚d仡tionaJrcsults。capableofdcalingwitllunccnaintics锄dprovidingt啪sparcncyt0ttIc加alysisproccss【72·73】IIlgcneral，tlle坞cxisttwoclis血ctivc哆pcsofMCDMproble脚duct0tllcdi晚陀ntprob。lcmsscttings：onc哆pchavingafinitenumberofaltcmativesolutions锄dtllcoth盯aninfinitc．25． Chapter2．Preliminaries删mbcr0fsOlutiO眦．N0mlallyinprobleI璐雒sociatedisliInited．hlpmblems咒latI甜t0desi孕l'锄眦ibutc啪ytakeanyvalueina瑚ge．Thercfo她曲pote吡alalt锄觚，esoluti啷couldbcill6llitc．Iftllisisthec筋e，thepfobIemisrcf疵dto嬲multipIcobjective哪曲lni船tionproblcmsiIlSteadofmultiplean曲utcdccisi∞proble脚．ollrf0伽swmbeonttleproblc脚w池afiIlitenuⅡIber0faltematives．AMCDMpfoblemmaybedescIibcdusingadecisi∞Illat血．Supposctllcreare臃aIt锄a山髓t0be舔s髓scdb舔cd佣nanributcs，a蚴si∞matl讧isam×以m撕xwinl∞chdcment场beiIlg廿lc_，一tllanributcValucoftllcf—tllaltcmatiVc．灿n10ugllMCDMproble瞄couldbeVerydi脆衄tiIIcontcxt’血eysh玳岫fouow啦col姗onfl咀nlIl{es．·Multiple删butes／cIiteriao缸nf锄ahie麟hy．—Umost明yaltematives，such雒肌。昭孤ization，anactionpl龃，oraproductofany幽d'c狮bccvaluatcdonthcb弱isofattributcs．An删butcisaprop瞰y'qual时offca眦0falte】mativcsinqucstion．Someattributesmaybrcal【dovm如rtb【erintolow盯levelsofattributes，calledsub．a嘶butes．1’oevalua伦anaItem撕vc．acriterioniSsetupfbre∞ha嘣butc．Bec绷seOft11conct0oncc0玳spondenccbe呻e锄an曲utc柚d嘶tcrion．sOmc-tiⅡl髓amibutcsa心also他fb盯edt0舔函teria姐dusediIlterch锄gcablyillU1eMCDMcon-+：渤【t．MCDMitseljfc柚alsobe托fje订俐to雒MultiplcAttributcDecisi∞Analysis(M√m～)if山c陀a托a丘Ilitcnumbcr0faltemativ嚣．，·Con丑ic“皿ongcriteri乱Multiple商teriausuallycoIlfIict丽tho眦锄otll％For舢ple，．mdcsigningac瓯thc翻t耐ao仆ighcr允elcc0∞myInighta似lu∞dcomfortntingduet0也csmallerp鹬靶ng盯Spa0C．·Hyb耐nat峨1)hI咖皿忙咖rabIe删瞳b SWC玎柚alysisbasedonAI【iomaticFuzzVSetAHP粕dTOPSISAnattributcmayha、，cadif!fercntunjt0fmeasuremcnt．ht11cc盯scIcctiOnproblcrn'fuclcc∞omyismc弱删bynlilespcrgallon，锄d叫cciscxp陀sscdbypoundster．1ingctc．Inm锄yd∞isionproble瞄，aCtribu￡csmayevcnbcnon_qu锄“tativc，such勰tllcsafc哆fc舭ofac缸maybciIIdjcatcdiIlanon．numcricalway．2)蛐xtIlreofquaUta廿veandquan廿ta廿veattribute&ItispOssiblctIlatsomcattributescanbemc懿u北d舯mericaUy锄d0tll盱attributesc加oIllybedcs舐bedsubjcctivcly．F0riIlst柚cc，tllcpdccofac缸is删∞crical柚dtllccomfortra血gisqualitatiVc．3)胁xtIlI℃ofdetem-nis廿c柚dprobabms廿cat洲m恼．Fbrcx姗plc，intllcc缸selectionproblem，carpri∞isdet盯miIlisticandfucIccon．omycouldbc啪dom．FuclcconOmych柚gcsdepcnding∞加ad∞nditio璐，廿a伍cconditionsandweather．·Unccrtain哆1)Un∞rtain锣岫锄bjec廿VejudgmentsItiscommontllatpeopIemaynotbc100％su陀whenmal【ingsubjectivejudgemcn坞．2)Un洲n哪duetoIacl‘ofdata叫jn∞mpleteinfo]rma6佃Some妇s．mfonnation0fsomca晡butesmaynotbcfullyavailableoreven∞taⅥmablcataU．·LafgcScaIc．Arcal胁MCDMprobl锄瑚yc啷iscofhunmdsofat蛐u￡cs．F0rcx姗ple’in￡hcEu∞pc狮FoundationforQualit)，M锄agement(EFQM)busincsscxcellencemodcl，tIle他a陀3lcvclsof嘶tcria，9嘶tcriaiIllevcll，32inlevcl2．柚d174illlcvcl3．IIlasupplicr勰∞ssmentmodelf研alargeinternationalcomp舳y'tllcrea陀lOlcVcllcfi￡eria锄dmofethan9[)Osub．硎te—a．·Asscssmcntmay∞tbccOnclusivc-27． Ch印ter2．Preli面naIiesDuct0alackofiI哟册ali∞，tllecon6ict锄ong嘶tcria’tlle硼∞rtaill如sinsubjectivcjudgImnt锄dclil!f：册tp陀f渤∞s棚ongdi丘e他mdecisionmake心，the丘nal嬲跎ssmcntresultsmaynotbeconclusive．The陀collldbcmanysolutio璐toaMCDMproblem勰hstedbel0、^LMCDMproblcmsmaynotalwayshavcaconclusivcoruIlique∞lu曲n．ne陀fb陀di彘他ntn锄esaregiv朗tod“jfb陀ntsolutionsdependiIlg0ntllcnaturc0fnlesolutionsl7l】Ide址solu60nAJl两tc血iIlaMCDMproblemc锄bccl弱sifiediIlt0附0catc90rics．Critcriatllata坨tobcm抓jJIlizcda北iIltheprofitcritefiacategory'althoughthcymaynotneccssarilybcpro丘tcriteria．S洫iladycritcIiathata地tobcmin访1砌a咒iIltllecOstcritcriacatcgory．Anidealsolu60ntoaMCDMprobJ锄wouJdm强jJllj扯allpr06t砸t谢a粕dminjm让犯枷cost喇t硝a．No珊al】ythjssolutionisnotobtainablc．ncqucstioniswhatwouldbcabcstsolutionforthedccisionmak盱andhowto‘)btainsuchas01ution?Nondominatedsolu廿ons●-H觚ideal∞l嘶onisnotobtaillablc，山cdeciSi∞makcrmaylookfor∞n_dorIljin锄eds0．1utions．Analtcmativc(solution)isdomi舱tedift|lerea比otllcralt锄ativcsm砒缸℃bettcrth觚ttlesolu临onatle弱t∞ea晡butc锄d舔900d舔itonoth盯a嘶b呲cs．A丑alt盯IlatiVciscallednonmominatedifitisnotdomiIlatedbyanyoth盯alt锄ativcs．S蚯s聊ngsolu廿。璐Satis毋ingsolutionsa此arcduccdsub辩【ofthcfb蕊iblcsoIutio吣witIle孔haltemtivecx·cecdillga儿thecxpe：ctedcriteri钆Asatis母ingmaynotbcan∞小minatedsolution．Whethcra∞lutionissaljs晌gdependsonthelevelofttIed∞isi∞maker’sexpectati弧-28- sw哩塑型ysisbasedonAxiomaticFuzzysetA耶锄dToPsIsAp阳fbmd∞Iu廿onisan∞ooIIlinatcdsolutionthatbcstsalis6esthcdccisionmaker’s％．pectations．Thc他a他tw0typcsOfMCDMme山ods：OnciscompcnsatoD，距dthcoth盯isnOn啪mpcnsat0巧【7¨．Non·compensatorymetllodsNon．compc璐at0D『mcttlodSd0∞tpcnnittradcofbbetw∞nattributcs．Anunf．avorable、眦uciIlonc砌butcc咖otbcof!F§ctbyaf各v0髓blc、嘲∞illotlIcr删butes．E孔h抛ibutcmuststalldonitsown．H锄∞comparisonsa他madcon锄attribute．by-a【tributcb觞is．ThcMCDMmcthodsinttliscatcgo哕眦credi砌for此irsimpuc咄E)【锄plesofthcse眦tllodsinclude：Dominanoeme也od：EUminatca11domiIlatcdal啪aljvcs．Thcrecouldbcmoretll翘oncsolutio璐gcnemtcdbythismctllOd．M双-minme缅od：Findtllcwcal(cstanributcvaluc(Injm)ofcachaltcmalivc弛dttl锄chooscthealt锄ati"with岫bcst(max)wcakcstanributcValuc．Thelogicisthatachainis邵s呦g觞itsweakestliIlk．Thismcthodisapplica_bleoIllywhcnam．ibuteValucsa他comp绷出lc们tll∞c锄otller'eithcrme瑟urcdiIlttlcs锄euIlitortraIlsf嘶fncdtOac0舢onscale．1垤ax-maxmemod：Incontrasttot11eMax—rnin如屺mod．tllcMax．max皿屺t110dsclccts柚alt唧ativcbyitsbcsta晡butcViLl∞．Itisalsoapplicablcomywh∞a缸butcsa他compa·rablc．Co哪岫c廿wco瑚仃aintmemod：ByscttingupaIIIinimumst柏dardforcachattribute，thcaltcmativeselectionorcValuationproc髂siss呻lificdt0comp戤cachattributcagamstitsst矾埘．Ifthest柚ckIrd他nects也edccisionmaker’s懿pcctations．山e0btainedsolutionsa他satisfyingsolutions．DlsJuncⅡVeconstrmntmemod：T1lis删吐hodcvaluatcs柚altcmativconitsbcstattributc．29· Chapter2．Prelirnjn撕es哗砌髂sofallotllcran曲utcs．1nlesetechIliquesmayhavetheirap盐cati∞dom血siIlwhichtheya咒陀舔∞able，buttlleymy∞tbeveDrusefulforgcncnld鲥si∞making．Compe璐a砌呵methodsCompemato叫memodSpc皿匝tmmcoffsbetw∞n砌butcs．AslightdccliIlcinoneattributcisacc印tableifjtiSc优q煳satedbysomeenh柚咖entjnoneofmo旭otll盯amibut豁．C们卫p叨一s砒oDrmcttlodSc蛆becl舔sifiediIltof0Uowingsubgroups．sco一呜me恤ods：ncsco抽g脱tllodselects叫刚u砒es锄al啪ativcacIcordingtoitsscorc(orutihty)．U衄t)，orsc0他isuscdloexp把ssmcdecisionmakcr’sprcf咖cc．It哦I璐fb功晦at￡ributcValuesiIlt0acommonpref色r即cescale邪【O，l】soth砒comp缸iso地betwecndifl．erenta晡butcsbecomespossible．Averypopul盯memodinmiscatego巧isthcsiInpleadditivcweightingme山od．Tllismethodcalculatcstllc0vc碍llsco佗of锄al蜘la慨笛dleweigh砌sumofa晡bu钯sco麟orutnities．ncAnal”砌Hi盯撒hyProcess(AHP)is姐otllcrpopuIarmethodiIItI】匠scatego彤1rtlismethodcaJculatcsthesco他sfbrc解haltcmativcb硒ed0npair二、】l，isccomp撕sons【74】．Compm嘣ngme也ods：ThccompmnlisiIlgmetllod∞lects锄altemativcthatisclOsc髓tothcidca王∞lution．TlheTechIIiquef；DrOrdcrPreferencebySiInnari哆toIdealSoluti∞(ToPSIS)眦tllodbclongstotlliscatc90彤似sme也od缸tnomlali搬tlledccisionm撕xOfaMCDMproblem．T1lcnbascd彻tllc∞册ali欲遗dccisionma缸．Ⅸ。itcalclIl砒esthcwcight酣distaIlccsOfc跹haltema小，elbm￡heideal∞lutiOnandmdir∞1ution．Asoluti∞他latiVclydo靶to山eidealsolution矾df打饷mthenamrsolutionisevaluatcdt0bc恤bcstl7¨．Con∞rd柚∞memods：11圮concord龃ccmemodge北r眦sap陀fe托n∞r姐kiIlgwtlichbcstsatisfi嚣agiV∞concord孤∞me舔u陀．ThcLinc缸Assig彻惦ntMc山0diso北oftbccx锄pl骼iIltllisf撕ly．btllismctllo血itisbeIievcd山甜觚alt锄ativchaVillgm柚ylligllly删雒曲uteSshouldbemkcdllighr711． SW(玎an越ysisb弱edon触iomaticFuzzySetAHP孤dToPSIS2．411垤An由廿c硒erarclIyPmcessIIl“sscction，wcgiveasurvcyofoncoftheMCDMmeIhodsthatwcutnizeincolnbinati∞wimtllcSwofr柚alysis：tIleAnal徊cHier眦hyPmccss．2．4．1Fo岫da廿on锄ddevelop眦ntof恤eA唧mfoun血tionoftlleAnalyticHie麟hy胁cess(A肿)isasctof越。麟matc眦fuUydcliIIli协tllescopeofthcproblemcnv的nmcnt【751．1tisb勰cdonnlcwell也finedmatllem撕calstrllcmrcofconsistentmatrices孤dtlleir笛sociatcdright-cigenvector’sabili哆t0gcner乱etrIleorapprox血_atewcights【78．19’76】．ncJU口methodoIogycompa陀s嘶te血weightS，oral啪ativcsw油陀specttoa面t耐on，illanamral。p柚wisemodc．Todos0，theAHPusesafund锄cntalscalcofabsolutenu皿lbc璐tllath孙bc∞provcniIIpmcticc锄dValid删byphysical觚ddccisionproblcm“pc池ents．ThcfundamenLalscalch鼬bc锄shownt0bea∞alcmatcaptll北silldividualprcf咖∞swinl托sp∞ttoqu柚titative锄dquali伽Veattributesjust舔wcUorbett盯thato山盯scaJes119·76】．Itco玳嘲ts加击vjduaJp陀fc陀n。csiIlco豫tioscaJcweightstllacc觚bccomb沁diIltoahIlc盯additivcwcightw(口)fbrc∽halt咖atiVe口．11lcfcsult姐tw(口)c锄bec柚beuscdtocom．pa弛强drankn圮altcmatiVcs锄d，hence，舔sislU扯dccisi∞makerinm越lgachoi∞．GiventIlatthe妞cb舔icst印sarcre弱onabledescripto璐ofhowani11diVidualcomesnatllrallytorcsol、，ingamulti捌teriadecisionpIIoblem。hcnthcAHPc柚bcco眦idercdtobcbotlladcs嘶ptive柚dp陀．s嘶ptivemodcl0fdedsionmalc纽g．ncAHPjspcrhaps，themostwidclyuscddedsionmal【iIlg町，pmachintllcworldtoday．ItsvaJidi哆isb硒edonthem鲫yhun山℃ds(nowtllousan(Is)ofactualaPpIicationsiIlwhichtheAHP佗suItSwe坨acccptcdanduscdbymccogllizantdccisionmal(c体(DMs)【771．Fbfau吐Iath弱b∞nwrittenaboutAHP(http：，，、Ⅳww．ExpertChoicc．comcontains他fe托ncestooVerlOooaniclcs柚dalmoStl00doctoraldissenations)’thc陀isalsomuch面sunderst觚djng．Itisourbclicftllatmc陀alcsscn∞ofAHPisnotgcncralIyundc璐t00d．AHPismorcthanjustamctIlodologyforchoicc-aItlloughiIh勰b∞nsuc∞ssfullyappIicdinthousandsOfchOiccdcci．siom．Itisnotjust柏otIl盯觚ajysistool，址tlIough锄alysisistlIc611stwordinitstinc．ncbcst．3l· Chapter2．Prelinl血疵es、张y、阳啪dcs砷cAHPist0dcscIibeitsthrceb雏ic丘Inctio璐：(1)s缸uc咖柚gcomplI溺吼(2)me笛lIring∞aratioscalc，蛆d(3)s)rIlthesizing．Wbwml∞k砒山e跎f眦1ctio地indecaila血盯他Viewillgabit0fAHP’s11ist0ⅨWewillalsolookatsomcofn圮con廿∞Ve璐yaboutAHPtllath觞appc砌iIlmeac“Iclllicliteratu陀．IIldlcl如1960’s，Thom雒S强啊。北of龇pionee墙ofOperado监Rcsc玳h，andautllor0fthefi塔tMa山ematicalMetllodSof呻tio璐R．es昀rchn隧tbook蠲dthefirstqueuingtext·bool【'w勰dirccting潞earchprojectfortheAmsControlandDisa珊姗entAgencyattheu．SDcpanmcntofState．S她哆’sve叮gc北rousbudgctallowcd№t0咖itsomcofthewond’slcamngc∞nomistS蛆dg棚e觚dutilitytheorists．1nspiteoftlletal％tsoftllepcopleSaaty恐一cnIined(tlⅡ优membe稻oftlletcam，Ge删旧Deb陀u，JollllHars狮yi，锄dReinllardSelten，havcsiIlccwontlle№bcl眦孺)，Saa哆w勰disappoiIlted试the咒sultsofmete锄’se肋ns．Saacy【79】，laterrecallcd：7’wD珐咖ps￡肌dDllf拥刀lym西记／场肌历口f口矽P—Enc巴刀拓』，对话崩皈f妇mPD—甜a，ldmodeh可thesdenlistsWe理啦enloogeneml弧dcdbst豫cttobeadnplnbtetopnnicHkrwe印弧tmde研他eds．1tw船d游clllt如rthosewh0prepnredlheU．S．pos试张toincludetheirdiverseconcerns⋯口ndloco’net节Wimpr口cnc口lmldsh口rpa，圆Ve强．ThesecondisthmtheU．S．posi墩mwnsp琵pn他d磅law粥rswhohaangremu，l‘derst飙ding可legntmmlers．hnlWh01We他∞tbenerth弧l}豫scienIists诫雠cessingt'lev口l妣碍theweqpon$stemstobet剃ed硪Ye潞laccr，wllileteacl血lgalthe、ⅣhartonSch00l，S柏t)，w酗昀ubledbytheco姗Illlicationdi伍-伽l如shehadobsen，cdbet、Ⅳ∞nthcscientistS柚dlawye璐狃dby山eapparcntlackOfapracticalsystcmaticapp∞achforpri嘶ty跎tting觚ddedsionmaking．Hw证gseenthemfficllIt)，exp舐·饥ccdby山atworld’sb璐tscientists卸dlawycn，S粕tyw雒moti垤tcdt0舭empt￡odcVclopasimplcwaytohclpo砌inaD，pcoplcmakccomplcxdecisio璐．Thcrcsmtw弱tllcAnal)rticIIicmr-chyProcess—asynthesisofexiStiIlgconceptsthatattesBt0S越ty’sgeIliusthmughitSpowcr蛆dsinlplici吵ne圮is姗pleevidencettlat吐圮pow盯柚dsinlplidt)，ofAHPh雒lcdt0awidespread∞∞pt柚∞龃d惦夸geinmcUnitcdStal懿签眦U弱throughoutthewon正lnadditi∞toExpenCho波，．32- SWaT狮a】ysisbasedon触iomaticFuzzySetA船觚dToPSIS￡11c∞havcbecn辩vcraloth盯suc∞ssfulcommcrciaJiJnp】emcnlationsofA●珉∞cw油丘n如．耐backingofthcC龃am柚GoVe衄ent．ncA肿proccssistaughtinnumero惦Unjv吣ities锄duscdexterlsiVcly访。瑁Anizationssuch觞tIleC蚴n锄IIltcIligcnccAg朗cyth缸haveca地fullyinVcstigatcdAHP’sthcoreticalundc印innings．2．4．2Them他ep—maryAHP觚c廿。璐AHPh筋b唧applicdiIlawide、丽c哆ofapplicatio吣ofmultidccision耽Il【ing．Alook砒the山r∞p觚aD，functio璐ofAHP：stnJc吣gcomplcxi吼mc勰u化m∞t，龃dsyntllesishclpinunderstaIl血IgwhyA}missuchagcncralme吐lodolog)，wiulawideⅧ盹哆ofapplications．S劬lc删ng∞mple嫡哪S船哆soughtasimplewaytodealwitllcomplexity．Simpleenough∞thatlaypeoplcwitllnofb咖alnla№gcouldundcrst蛆d柚dpanicipatc．Hcfoundonethingcon蚰oni11numcrouscxamplcsofmcwayshum姐shaddcaltwithcomple】【i哆oV盯thcag∞-thatw勰thchic仡rchicals廿ucm血gofcomple，【ityintohomogencousclust盯soff犯to璐．S勰砂w勰not(he缸tt0obscrvc山cimponaIlccoftliemrchicaIs砸JctIIringiIlhumanthought；HerbenSimonwrotc：‘jL口，笤fD侣田l妇r如n墨口彤口f，玎D肼wlfVP瑚fjy胁P坩枷f棚Z胁甜，-眦似，已刀切r话幻册’m缈口比硪·、}idedintolmitswhich翻他subdividedi眦osmnllerlmns'whichare．inmn‰subdivided国诅soon．Hje阳rchic口lsIlbdivisionisnoldchn阮cteristicth口tispeculi盯tohl撇norgmli硼i0潞．Itisco弧·m帆tovtrn础baucomplexs)}stemss鸭geslthmtk他issomething曩l毗la懈mal．mthisstr|^‘：tllmlp—ncjpdnhatgoesbqo砸tkpeculi口rllies西hn眦morgnnj硪n强．Anorg弧tznti强willlendlo琳sm醒Kem比hiccllfon孰whcn删ertkl∞kell、，imnmentisconIpl“他lalivetotkpmbkm．舳如访g硼d∞m卅洲fc口砌gpDwP瑙盯f妇D曙册泐fi彻脚蒯理憎册d啦Pf，fDDh肺已，口咖缸妇口却，f坩如册弦r加妇胁IP，f拓蹿n比，D傩墨埘啊P胁咖P缸P盯∞唧，lI踊咄"lm】l垤easurementonara廿oscdIeWh部c鹬cmicrdccisionmal【mgmcthodologics佗licd∞lowcrlcvclsofmcasu删ncnt，Saa哆’sm劬cmaticaItraIiIlingc∞Vincedhimtllatr砒ioscaleswouldmostaccuratcIymc雏u他thcfact吣．33- Chapter2．Prelimin撕es廿l砒comprised吐lehic豫rchy．Thisalsow私notanewidea．Accord访gt0Stc、，c吣’sme硒ufementd舔si丘cationscheme【洲，th嗽眦f0Ⅲlevclsof赋删忧咖t．皿elevels，m咖g肋m10westt0Kghcsta托NoIninal，Or血al，IntcIVal，锄dR撕o．∞chlevelh舔auoftl圮meaningoftheleVelsbelowplusadditi∞almcaning．F0rcxamplc，aratiomc孙u咒h硒觚o，iIltcn，al，ordinalandnomi·naImc岫g．AniIlte删me舔u北doesnoth孙，entiome勰iIlg，butdoeshaveiIlben，al，ordinal姐dnomiIlalmemmg．Ratiome弱u咒isnecessa巧to咒prcs∞tproponion．Whe陀舔theproponio璐iIlMonet’spailltir喀s，forcx锄plc，a把rcp圮scn谢Veof也ewodd勰mostpI∞ples∞it’Pic私so’spailltingsa咒臼陷飘l∞dfbf山cir山oughtprovokiIlgqualitics，buta托not900dmodds0fthe陀alwodd．Inl【eepiIlgwithhis∞archfor蕊siInplcamethodology觞possil，le，s拍哆proposed’us她judgmentsofthc础osofc孔hpairoffactorsilltheIlier砌yt0derivc(mthcrtIl觚私sign)radoscaJemcasur℃s．Any抵湘rchicallysmlctIlrcdmcthodology(1ikcJum锄dMAI丌)舢stu∞期缸oscale研oriticsforelemcntsaboVcthelowestlevclofthehierarchy．Thisisnecessa叫bccausethepriorities(0rweighb)ofthcclementsat孤lylevelofttlehierarchya北de蛔mlincdbymultiplyiIlgthcprioriti嚣0ftlleelementsiII也atleVelbyt11eprioritiesof山epa托ntelem蚰t．SiIIcethep础ctOft、ⅣOiIl-tcrvallevclme舔u他sis脚tllematicallyme岫glcss．nti0scalesa他rcquircdfbrmllltiplication．Whe他勰AHPalsoutili嚣s砸tioscaJesf研cvcnU把lowcstl恍1of也ehie均rchy(thealtemativcsinachoicemodcl)，MAUTutilL犯s瓶iIlten，alscaleforthealtemativcs．11mstllcrcsultiIlgpd-oriticsforalt锄ati忍瓷in姐AHPmodclwiubem曲scalcmc舔l玳swhcrc硒tho鸵inaMAIJTmOdelwmbc0IllyiIlten，al∞alcmc舔u陀s．TheratiOscale，beingahigh盯leVel0fme淞u坨me她ispaniclll砌yimp0咖tif山epfioriti∞a他t0bcuscdnotOIIlyillchoiceapplica￡io璐，butforOmcr呻csofapplicatio雎such部心sollrcea110cation．synmeSisAnal如c，thc丘心tinAHP’sn锄∞，isaf0皿ofthcwo一柚alysis，wIlichmca璐靶paratingamtc削0rabst嫩t朗ti哆intoitsc0璐timentelements．Analysisisthcoppos沁ofsynth鲻is．whichinvolV髂puttingtogelh盱叫combiningpar略iIltoawholc．Bcc她辩∞mpl“，cmcialdoci．．孓I． SWaT姐2Llysisb弱edonAxiomaticFuzzySetA肿andToPSISsiOnsimations。0rforccasts，or他sourccallo∞tionsoRcni11Volvctoom卸【ydim锄sionsforhum柚stosynthesizeiIltlIi曲cly’wcnccdawaytosynthesL豫ov盯m柚y曲批nsio璐．HighlevclcorI的·ratcd。cisionsmeetingsmayhavcViccp他sidentsoffin翘cc，marI汜ting，operations，iIlfb加撕0nsystc脚，锄dhum孤他s叩IIccss“tillgaroundaconfc比ncctablc，e淞h”姗cd”、viththc坨sultsof锄alysisthatthcirdcp盯tmcntsh孙，epcrfbrmcd．Eachmayalsohave他achedadiffercntcOndu-sion觞towhatisbestfortheorg柚jzati∞．ThciI印硒跎usuallyisnotbec柚scofal解kofgood孤alysis，butalackofabm哆tos)，Ilthesi∞t11e蛆aIysisthathavcb∞nmadc．Num∞uscou璐csatUlliV盯siticstcach锄alysisofoncsortoranomcr．Manyorg址atio衄havcdepamnents0rdivisi0地witll山ewOrd蛆alySisintlleir醐e．W色speakof丘n锄daJ锄alysis，marketinganalysis，opcratio舾锄alysis．andprocess孤alysis．O略疵atio璐haVebecomcquitc900d乱doing锄alysis．F钿。略aIlizatio璐’howcvcr’howhowt0synthesi玷!～thoughAHP’shie船rchicalstmctu北docsfacnicateanalysis，锄cwmmo陀impor【antfunctionisAHP’sa_bilit)，tohelpusme舔u他锄d册咖邪f翟tllemul劬deoffactorsiIlahicrarchy．W色knowofnoottlcrmetllodologytIlatfkilitatcssyntllesis硒docsAHP!WhyAHPissowidelyappUcable?Anycomplexsi【IlationttlatfequiI℃sstnlct响g，me勰u他mcnt’锄d，0rsyn也esisisagoodc柚didatefbrJ6岫HoweV％AHPis删汜lyusediIIisOlation．Rather’itisusedalongwim，0riIlsupportofom盯metllodoIogies．F0rcx硼plctos”tllcsi跫the他sultsofOthcrmctIlodologicssuch鹬i11dccidinghowm卸yserverstoemployiIlaqueueingsimationtal【inginto∽countwiIit·illg缸cs，cos岱，蚰dhum柚fmstrations，orlode咖eprobabili血sforadecision嗽．Board眦舔whc陀AHPh髓becnsucc∞sfIlllycmploycdincludc：sclectionofonealtcmativc纳mm柚y'咒·sourccallocation，f0陀c硒ting：toIalqualitym肌agcmcnt。busincssp∞∞ss陀_cnginccring。quali哆functiondcploymcnt，锄dthcbal锄∞dscorccard．Asillus仃ation，considcrttlcfollowiIlgca∞，whe陀JUmh勰b∞napplicdat也elIlte卜Amcric柚BaIlk．．35- Chapter2．PreliIIlin撕es2．4．3珊删内r蚯vec嬲eoftheAHP1’hissubsectionpresentsoneofseVera】applicationsoftheAHPindistributedgroupdecisionsupportcnV的m卫cntsatthehlter_AmericanB缸止，alargemul曲i11ion司on缸iIltemational丘nan—cialorg孤ization．OneofthestrengtlIsoftlleAHPistoproVideaclearorganized，andlogicaLlViewOftIIedccisionproblcm．HoweVer'tbereisn0One’right’Viewasaproblemcanberepre—sentediIlseveralways姐dthegroupmembersmustexertsornecreativit)r【371．Thestmcm血goftheAHPmodelst扒ediInmediatelyaftertheendofmedemonStrationpcriod．Therewerefollrtwo-hourfacetofacemeetingsinadmtiontothehjghlyactiVecomputerconferenc岫g．Pr．osandconsdeVelopedduringthedesignphasewercusedtoidenti矽objectiVesfortllemodel-ThemoreexperiencedgroupmemberSo脏redsuggestionsaJldt11eensuiIlggrOupdiscussionregarmngtheproposedmodels1eadto锄improVed，wellundetstood，andagreedupongroupmodel．Theobjec-tiVeswereclusteredint0ahierarchicaJrcprcsentationshowninFig．2．3．The90al，0rtllefi_rstOfFig．2．3：AHPmodeltllemodel．istOselectthebestaltemativenla【meetstlleⅡ)B’sneedfbr山eBankreconcilia【ion．BelowtllegoaJareleVdsthatiIlcIudetheobjectiVesandsub_objectiVes(sometimesrefellredtoaScriteria)tobeusedtoeValuatetherclatiVeprefercnceofthealtematives．ThemajorobjectiVes协山de}诵ctionalrequiremenls，techIticalreq撕rements．cost．n，ldm吼dgerintconstdemlions：觚玎Dn口，陀qHf形m已甩8coVcrtlleuser’sbusinessneedS，incluctingsPecificrequirementsinMatchingE匝dency'ControI柏dRcportillg．Admtionall)，，suchasautomacionof访temal狮dextemaJmessagccreation，aVailabilit)，ofdailybalancerepons，觚dinterestcalculation．．36． 船c恸fI∞j馏qHf埘咒Pn船addressiJllport柚tsystcmfban鹏s，such丛scclIri哦usabili吼iII-stallationpr0∞ss，custon圮rsuppon，锄dreponirIgcapabili如s．Themajorityofthcscsubobjcctivcsa咒fIlrtherbrokcndowntoenableacomplcte孤ddctailcd弛alysis．∞盯伽J娩旭ffD船舶comp弱s扯quisition粗dopemtionalcosts．Acquisi曲n∞stisthccostoftlardwarc趴dsoftwa化他qu疵dtoiIlstallthcsoftwa咒packagc．o】pcrationalcostisnlccosttoOpc仡tc孤dsupportthcsystem0vera五vcycarpcfiod．肭m叼P，妇Zc口ns址阳玎册Jfocusoncomp柚y圮latio潞。mtcmalsupplort锄driskappraisal．nccompanyrelationssub．objectivcis胁hcrsubdividcdiIltothe丑exmili哆oftlle∞m-p粕y锄ditsbusillcssorientation．Thelowcstlcvel0fttIcmodclcontainstllealtcmativest0bc∞啪u砒cd．P订ndpl嚣锄dA嫡。眦ofmeA唧HaviIlgdis伽ssedthettl脱b觞icfunctio璐of岫wctllmo呱ancntionto也cth毗他Iatcdb勰icp由ciplcsofAHP：dccomposition。comparativejudgInents，锄dhicⅢchiccompositionorsyntIlesisof砸ofitics册．1kdccompositionp血cipleisapphedt0s咖cm北acomplcxproblcmiIltoamc住rchyOfclustc岱，sub-cluste璐．sub-subcluste倦．ThesepainⅣi∞compariso邯a地usedtDdcrivc‘‘local”pfioriticsoftlIcclementSillaclust盯wim陀spcctt0tllcirpa陀nt．Thcp咖ciplcoflIicmrchiccompositionors妒’bcsisisappliedt0multiplytIle10calprioriticsof山eclcmcntsi11aclusterbythc‘．global”pdorityoftIleparentelement，produciIlgglobalpdori如smroughout龇hienrchy锄dtlIenaddingttleglobalpri耐ticsfortllelowestl“clclcments(usuallytIlealt啪a-livcs)．‘A】J山coricsa北b舔edona)Lioms．The蚰豇pler柚dfcw盯thca】【ioms．t量Icmo咒general蛆dapplicablctIIcthc0砂JUmisbascdonthII∞relatiVclysinlplc戤ioms．TIlc6rStaxjom，tllcr∞ip-mcala】【io甄咒quhsthat。ifPc(E^．岛)ispairedcomp撕s锄ofelcmcntsA锄dBw油陀sp鳅tothcirpa旭nt，clcmcntC．托p他scntillghowmany吐mcsmo聆thcclcmcntAposscssesapropcnytll锄docscJement占，tll明尸c(西，翰)=l／Pc(昂，勖)．F0r“amplc，if^is右w妇lesIargcrttl绷．37- Chapter2．Prelmn撕esB，吐l蛐Biso北丘劬笛l鹕e舔A．Thesccondc，orhomogenei妙a】【iom，stat鼯山atthcclem∞tsbcingcomparedshoIlldnotmffhby∞∞much，clscthc陀wnltcndtobcla略叮en．0rsinjudgmcⅡt．whcnconstrIlctingallicrarchyofobjcctives，oncshouldattempttoarrangeelementsiIlclusterssotllattlleyd0notdi蠡ferbymo坨th蛆anorderofma91litlldeiIlanydustcrs．(ThcAHPveIbalscalc舢gesIbmlt09，0raboutanOrderOfmagllimdc．11圮numericalandgrapllicalmodesofExpe：nChoiccacco栅。血tealmostto呻oorde塔ofmag：IlitIlde，allowiIlga陀l瓠撕onofthisaxiom．Judgmentsbeyond锄ord盯ofmagmmdcgen训ly陀sultindccrc舔edaccuracy锄dinc陀勰cdinconsistcncy)．TlhcthirdaxjomstatcstlIatjudgmentSabout，ortheprioritiesoftIIecJementsina11ierarchydo∞tdcpend∞lowerlevelele眦吣．111is缸iomis陀quiredformcp血cipleofhierarchiccom-positi伽toapply．Wllnethe丘璐t附oaxiomsa他，inollrexpe血nce，complctclyco邯on柏twimrealworldapplicatiO∞，the州axiom圮qu沁scarefulex蛐atiOn弱itisnotuncommonfbritt0bcviolaled．皿us，forex锄ple。inchoice印plic撕。眦，theprefe他ncef研altem撕vesisal·I∞stalwaysdcpcndentonhighcrlevclelementS(thcobjcctives)，tllciIIlpon觚ccofthcobjcctiV懿刀l喀胁bcdcpcndcntonlowcrlevelelements(thcaltcmanves)．F0r强唧ple，inchoosingalaptopcomput％if山caltemativeswc北almostthes砌ewcightbutdi能redgreatlyiIlspeed，tllenspcedInightbcmo陀judgedtobcmo陀hnpo栅tttl柚wcight．Butif山elapIopcomputcrswe陀aJmosttlles锄cspecdbutdiI弛rcdg陀anyinweight'龀nweightmightbejudgedt0bemo陀洒port粕tthanspecd．(111cittl盯ca辩，tllc他latiVcimponanceofspecdandweightissubjectiVe)．Whcn鲫chdepcndcnce喇sts，thctll硼axiomofAHPdo懿not叩pIy．Wedcscribesucbsim撕onsbysayingtllattlIcrcisf醐b扯k觚ml侧crlcvclfactorstolligllcrlcvclfact邮iIlthehie黜hy．1nhc陀玳t啪b鹬icways的applyAHPinthosechoicesimatio璐Ⅵ，he傥t№thj们axjomdoesnotapply-tllatis，whenthe他isf曲db孤．k．ThcfirStinvolv酷asuper．ma仃噍calclllation【19·79】fbrsyntllesis甩th盯th蛐AHP’stlie黜hiccompositi∞．F0rs蛔plc融灿ack(bc咐∞nadjaccntlevclsoIlly)，thisiscqlIiVal哪t0dcriVingpdori如fbrtbealtema小f髓With雎sp。ctto∞chobjcctivc．Thc·38· s唧锄alysisbasedonAxiomatic鼬zzysetA职andToPsIs圮sulcingprioriticsa咒proccsscdiIlasupcr．matrix，whichiscquival锄tt0thcc伽n，crgenccofitcr-ativchicrarcllicalcompositions．WhnetllisapproachiSex晚melypowcr：ful锄dnexible，asimplcr印proachtll砒wehavcfoundt0workwcHi11pmcti∞，ist0makcjudgmentsforlow盯levclsofthcIlierarchybef0他吐lcuppcrlevcls，or'altematively’t0rcconsidcrjudgmcntsatthcupp盯lcvcls撕mal【ingjudgmentS砒thclowcrlcvcl．hci山crappr0∞h，tIIcb曲pcrfo眦sⅡ地f托dbackfunctionby∞I塔ide血gwII砒w舔lc锄cdatlowerleVclsofttlellicrarcbywhcnm蛐gjudgmentsforuppcrlevcls．Thus，锄importantmlcoftllumbistomakejudgmentsiIIallicrarchyfI_0mthcbottomup’uIlless0ncis如rctllat血c陀isn0fbcd．back，0r0nealreadyh勰goodunderst锄血19oft11ealtemativesandtlleirt瑚deo凰．Afour吐laxiomt0AH只in仃oduccdlaterbySaaty'saysthaIindividualswhohavc他私onsfor也c王rbcIicfsshouldmakcsu他tllat吐leiridc越a陀adcquatclyr印咒scntcdforthe0utcomctOmatchthcsccxpcctatio眠Whnenlisaxjommiglltso岫dabitvague，itis血pon蛆tbccausethegcncr-alityofJ岫mal【csitpossibletoapplyJ旧inaVarie哆ofways锄dadherencet0tlIis嫡ompr州明tsapplyingAHPiIliIlapprop^atcways．Ockh锄’srazorcontendsmat也esinlplestoft、Ivo0r皿10陀compe血gn把。血siSp陀fenble．MostAHPtheoristS柚dpmcti曲ne璐f；∞ltIlatAHP’sa)【iomsa他s沛plest强dmore他alisticth柚otIlcrdccisionstheories．hladmtion。AHPisapplicablctoa他私bcsideschoiccdccisions(such髂for∞雏tiIlg锄d他sourccallocation)蛆dtlle髓tion虻alcmc筋u陀sthatAHPprodu∞smakcsitmorcpowcrfhltlIan0tll叮tlle嘶cs￡llat北Iy0nOrdiIlalOrintervalme雒ures．2．5ToPSISmetlIodolo科2．5．1Ba蓟ccOn∞ptsofToPSISTOPSIS．whichstandsfor1’cchniquefbrorderofP陀fc亿nccbySimilan哆toldealSoIu-tiOn，isausefultechllique证dcalingw油MultiAt哺butcOrMultiCritcriaD∞isionMal【ing(MADM，MCDM)problcI璐iIltIlc他alworld．IthcIpsdccisionmakc“s)(DMs)toorgani跹thcproblcmstobcsolvcd，她dcanyout锄alysis，comp撕sons锄draIll【ingsof恤altcmaliVes．Ac-．39- Cllapter2．PrelirIliIl“堕cordjnglyt11c∞lcctionofs血ableaItcmativc(s)wmbcmade【明．ncb舔icconccptof1’oPSISis山atthechosenaltema曲cshouldhave山cshortcstdis锄ccf妇thepositive．idealsolution趴d山efanl屺stdistancef．mmtllenegative．idealsolu60n．The他existsalarge锄0untoflite硒tu砧involVingToPSIS山eoDr卸da即licaIio眦．F0r既ample，Laictal，appIicdthec帆ceptof’mP．SISonMODM(MllltiobjcctivcDecisionMaking)problc眦【8¨．Chcn，既tendedtllcTOPSlSfbrg∞up蛐ionmakmgandu跎dlillguistict锄st0出焉耐bethe仡tingofeachaltemativeanduscdlingllistictcImstodesc曲etlIc嘶ngofeachaltcl‘na曲c柚d廿lcwciglltofeacb砸tcrion【821．．n圮ToPSISmcⅡlodsh舔alsob伽cxtcn出通t0solvcmulti．0bjectivclargescalenolllincarpm·笋觚珊血gproblcmS【831．Op砸covic【84】conductcdacomp啪tivc距alysisofVIKOR观d1DP．SIS．Jaha眦halllooetal，developcdA正algorithmmctllodtoe舶嘶dToPSISfordecisi叩一mal【ingproblemswimiIIter伽datals51．Shmcta1．ppovidedafi删。埘oIlsforoperatio邶，such蕊nor-mauza曲n，dist粗ccmeasu聆s龃dmc粗ope仡tors，at铋chof山ccon[；esp∞dingstcpsofT0pSlStogetabroadvicw0fthetechfliqucsuscd【s71．Xu，cxtcnded1DPSIS蠲dpropo∞d勰interactivcmc山odforfuzzymultiplea响butcg∞updecisionmal【ing【881．‰g加dHung【89】explor。dt11cu靶ofToPSlS强dfuzzyToPSISinsolVingapl锄tlayoutdesignpmblem．Y抽getal，employed1℃PSIStosolvcadyIlaInicope豫torauoc撕onproblem【891．originaITOPSIS孙sumcsthateachattributeposs酷跎samonotomcallyiII嘲illg0r出髓麟ingutil时；mus，itis∞sytodete砌ncthcpositivc·idcal锄dthe北gativc-idcalsolutio璐．Hw强g觚dY|oon，dcvelopcdtl圮Euclidi柚dis啪。¨柚dc时blockdis锄ccapproachcst0cvalua把弛indcxofrelativeclosenessof柚altemaljvct0theidealsolu曲n，co雎istillgofpr0柚nit)rt0thepositivc—idcalsoluti∞柚d础∞t锄css细mttleneg撕vc-idcalsoIution【711．Then，n圮p陀fbrcncc0rderofal啪a曲酷c蛆bederivcdbya∞rics0fcomp豳璐ofaltemativeclos吼既sindiccs．111c髓a托北∞ssaDrstepsinutilizing1DPSISinvolViIlg舢m丽cal腓私u托softherelatjve血p0卜tanccofa嘣but嚣柚dtbe叫b唧肌ceof朗ch“teIn如eontlle辩a蛐but髂．Theproccdu陀ofToPSlSc姐bcexp犯sscdilla∞施ofstcpS：(1)Cal伽latcthcn0肌al删dacisi∞啪t血．mno咖alizcdⅧue％iScal伽latcd越啊=两／届磊，江l'．．．，肌．产l’．⋯刀 swaT觚alysisb懿edonAxiomaticFuzzysetA船andToP墅(2)Calcul疵tlIcwcightcdno珊alizedd∞isi∞mtrix．1nhcweightcdno肌alizedValucⅥiscalculated筋Ⅵ=w，研，whereMisthcweiglltofnlc曲a晡butc0rcrite曲n，弛d日：lH=1．(3)DetcrIni北thcpositiveideal锄dtIIencgativcidcalsolution：A+={．1，}，⋯，咭)={(朋叼啊If∈，)，(m砌J啊If∈．，))，A一={Vr，⋯，呀)={(，靠拥，ⅥIf∈，)，(m皿wVuIf∈，)}wherc，isassoci缸edwithbenc丘tcdteria．and．，isassociat酣withcost翻tcri钆(4)Calculatcthc辩p龇i∞me觞u他s，us．mgthe力一dimensionalEuclidi锄distallcc．Thes印a·翰tionofcachal咖atiVc饷m山cpositiVcidealsolutionisgiV蛐舔：d，={砉cVu一哼，2)V2，z=·，⋯，朋，．，=-，⋯：n．Sill缸Iarly'thcscparation厅omtllenega吐VeidcalsolutionisgiVcnas：Step5：Calculatethc托lativcclo驼nesst0thcidcalsolution．The他latiVcclO鸵ncssOfthcaltcnlatiVcAfwitll他specttoA+isdeflned硒G=磊㈣⋯msiIl∞矿≥o锄d町之o．thena∈【o，l】．Stcp6：R缸Iktllealtcmativcs∞cordmgt0ttIcp陀fb他nccValuc她dsclcctthcm弛alrationiIlStep5．_41．以●I=m—J●l=胆、●I，J^r一．，V一一UV。∑闩，●●fl●k|I盯 Chapter2．Prelimin撕esTheb舔icp血ciplcoftlleTOPSISmethodistlIatmechoscnalt锄ativcshollldhaVeⅡle“shon∞tdist锄勰’’f如mthepositiveidealsoluti∞觚dthe“f弛estdist纽ce”丘DmtIlenegadveidealsolu—don．11Ie1DPSISmetllodin蜘Dduces咖‘hfe代：ncc''poiIlts，butitd∞snotconsidcrthc他lalivc岫port柚ccofthedist锄ccf而m山髓epoiIlts．舢so，cxactdatamaybedi伍clllttobcpreci靶lydetcm血cdsincchum蛆judgmcntsa亿of【髓VagIleundcrm锄yconditio∞．Thus，柏cxte陋ionofToPSISton圮fuzzycnv的加恻1tisanatul瑚gen盱aliz撕onof1DPsISI∞dels【82’铂·89】2．5．2Acasestudyofcrbp1’oPSISIIlwhatfollows，weapplytheToPSISmetIlodologyintl圮biddirlgcvaluationofm锄uf如m卜iIlge眦erpri驼s【931．Supposethe陀a北f0盯compaIliesbiddiIlgforsomeelecnDmcchanicalproduct’扯cordImgt0theevaluationiIldi∞softIlem卸ufactlufingcntellpriscinVitaIion柚dsubmjSsionofbids，it靶tst、Ⅳclvcindiccs嬲follows：QuiLl时ccni丘cationsystcm，Qu出ty∞ni丘catedepaItm∞t'Biclding皿ce(inlO吐10usands)，钕hniquepreccdcncc，Techniquemamrity'TcchIliq眦pc璐0naIlevcls，CompletiontiIne，Orderfulfillmentratings，Scrvicc世ersclling。Customcrssatisfactioll’E．mte印矗跎Reputation锄dE’mtcrp哐izeScal缸Evaluation，whichcor托spondtoJ1，】泛，⋯，x12把·spe撕vely．1nhc犯a托qualitativc锄dqu蛐titativeindicesiIlbidmng．ToPSISmethodologyisapplied罄foUows：1．F．Ⅸstation撕ty卸dqu锄titativeindices，buildno珊alizcdmatrix．舢lthc吼山uati9nirIdic髂a把catcgori扰diIl丘Vccl硒s髓。山e佗a豫丘Veilldio懿thatiSwo雠，ba血no肌al，g∞吐vcrygoodl蚓．LiH∞，sc0I-cdtheindicesaccordingt0ther蛐gcofvalueOftheeValuati∞访dices，henomal边edtheofigiIlaldata'andb词tno衄alizedma血，舔showninmlb2．1．’I’ab．2．1：no册alizedori2illaldataEVal．indiccsJl砣而嗣玛粕却期的工IoJlIJ12BiddiIlgprIojectI8010090805097908070BiddmgpmjeclⅡ8085708060459570加50Bid曲19州eclⅢ50801∞9040805590∞903050BiddiIIgpmjcctⅣ80801107060509870509042． SW叽锄alysisbased0nAxiomaticFuzzySetA耶如dToPSIS2．Setthcwcightfacto心．Itisvc巧i珈Iportantt0setthcwcightsfkto巧，wllich血℃cny砌u叽cestIlc丘nalcvalua血g他sult．htllecvaluatingsystem，tlleimport觚ceOfevc叫iIldexisnotcqual，sotlleymustbcsctdif．fc陀ntweightfkto塔．Tlllc陀a陀usuallym狮ywaystOsetthewcightfhcto璐．ul∞Delphimctllodl941，dyamccontr懿tillg柏dsortillgmetlIodInetllodl951，AHEandsoon．DclphimctIlodal∞callcd“cxp瞰’sinvestigatiOn'’，“expen’s“alualion”，isa涨I也odoff0陀c邪ting曲entcdbyHc册c，aworkerofAⅡ崩c觚comp柚y．RAND．Dcl叫眦tllodisfb僦雒tiIIg柚devaluatiIlgmethodbothqualitative蛐dqu锄tita凼elyby∞llecting麟pcrt’sidc舔inaa∞nymousway’exch卸垂ngandcon．ectillgttlescirIfo皿舱tionfbrmanytim鼯t0他孔haconsistcntidea柚dgiviIlg(he蛐bjcctafinaJevaluation扯co柑虹gt0tIIeexpert’ssylltlleticalidca．Dyadiccontr笛tiIlg锄dsoningmctllodisaweightfactor酬ua血gmodclb弱edonVaguemathematics．Bythccontr嬲tingofcverytwosubjcctsf而mm锄弘wcc觚6ndtlleordcrofa∞rtaillfcatll他锄dtlIcn辩ttllewcightfactorsofevaluationiIIdi∞s．ThccvaIualionim，olvcdiIl踺ttingtlIewcightfactorsisvcrycomplicated柚dalsobcc肌∞illc呻tr镪ting勰d∞ni：ngmctllod，itisdi伍clIlttomal(econn∞tbe附∞ntI圮subjectswhcnthe咒a陀many孤dtllismethodisnitwidclyused．md曲galliIltoco璐ideration。theI)elpllimctllodisuscdt0∞tt11eweightfacto墙ofeveryevaluationind弧ofm柚ufactIl陀enteI研sciIⅣitation锄dsubIIlissionofbidsl91．921．neDelptlimethodisuscda舵rwidclycounselingchc辩11iorcngin∞rSofthem锄uf缸m把rs越．‘‘tllef疵uscxpertsinthcfieldofma删factII陀mfomati船tiontocombmetllecxpens’idcai11ordcrtogettlleweiglItfactorsofc、，e巧indcxofm柚ufaccurccnte巾risciIlvit撕∞觚dsublIlissionofbidS．3．Calculatctllewcightcdno咖ali扯dr撕ngs锄didcntifyidcal龃dnon·idcalsolutions．Intllisstcp．tlle0riginaldataarcn0珊alizcd．andweighted．4．Calculatctllcindicatcdistanccs，rclativccloscncssandordcrcachbiddingpr巧cct．RcsuItsa他showniIl1'ab．2．2．Resultsshown扭【bid血lgprodcc【IistI圮bcstprojcct．43． Chapter2．Preli曲撕es1Iab．2．2：Theindicatedist龃ces．relaIivecloseness柚dorderIrIthischapt％anin叭)ductiont0thcsn-ategicm觚agem姐tiSgiVcn；w|ehaveseennlats缸丑tcgicmanagemcntisasctofm柚agerialdccision弛dactiont11atdetermiIlcsttlclong-邝npcf-fo衄锄ceofacorporati∞．Withoutas响Itegicm锄agel眦nt'觚。唱anizationis池edt0disappcaLStrategicmanagem明tincludescnv的llIllentalsc弛r血g，botIliIltemal锄d懿temal；s吮tegyfb卜mIllalion，stra峨；)，imp】em锄tati叩，柚de砌u撕on卸dc伽t叫．Strajgh渤九张rd。wcwillfo锄s∞theSWaT觚alysiswhichisatoolscrv啦t0sc粗cnV的姗胁ts．Wcde丘Iled，metc皿“stmt．egy”，gavciIfeatu他sandcomponents．As眦．、他yofMultiCriteria(orA嘶butc)DccisionM蛐lg(MCDM)mcmodsisalsogivcnintllischaptcr．wcin呐duccd恤MCDMmetllodsto，later’combincsomcwimSW0fr蠲alysis，时ingthentofillthcgapexis血gbe脚c印SWOT狮alysis(st髓te舀cpl觚岫g)如ditsnextsteps廿ategicimplen圯ntation．Thcmaillfcatu坞sofMCDM。如dsolutiomwc陀舀Vcn；MCDMmethodsarediVidcdintotwo洫portantmctllods：Non∞mpen·s砒orymethods如dCompensatoDrmetlIodS．●Asm、，eyoftheAHPh勰b∞ngiv饥，westanedlbmitsfoundation，gaVeitsdevel叩menthistory觚dhaves∞n山atAm'h豳widclyb∞nutnizcd丘Dmdecadcs，cspeciaIly舔ast蛆dardp洲cefbrmulti砌butedecision柏alysis．ItisaIsotaughtilln啪crousun却crsitics姐duscdextcnsivclyin0rg撕zalio璐．FollowiIlgitsnl脱砸mar)，functio璐，A肿llisstillwidelyuscdnowadays．So鹏mus吼tiVcc舔esa陀given；HoweVcr'd髂piceitswideused，AHPstiuh弱somei璐u伍ciendesandits蛳伍a陀s∞nwhenappIyiIlgitiIl∞mecomplexmulti·a嘣butcdecisionproblems．1nthischapt％wcilltmduccdsOmeb私ics∞nccpts0f狮othcrMCDMwhichwmbcuscdallalongthis蜘ti叩：眦ToPsIS赋thodolo黟A嘶cfmrat峨i肿IVillg1DPSIS加ditsapphcatio地h笛aJ∞b∞ngiV∞．Todealwithun∞naind骼，∞me卸tho体cx嗍1dedToPSISt0fuz巧1DPs匹 SWOT弛alysisbasedonAxiomaticFuzzySetAHP如dToPSISusingfuzzynumbc稻．Ani11ust髓￡ivcca∞oftllcTopSISinchcbidmngc砌uati彻ofmanufa咖r-iIlg明te叩riscsisgiv髓；nisapproachshowsⅡⅡlits锄ddefici∞cies，itapplicsthcDelphjmetIIodwhichisb笛edon吐leexpeft’sideat0computctheweightsofcriteria，hcnce孔curate他sultsa他notcnsu川．-45． Chapter3：Literaturere订ewontheapplicaUonsoftheSWoTanmysislIltlIischaptcr’wcgivcso眦illustrativc强anlpleswhcrcSWOEcombiIlcdt0∞meMCDMmethods，h孙bcen叩plied．SillceSWOT锄alysisdo部∞tco璐id盯n圮vagllcnessOfⅡlefacto墙【圳。tllc托f0托。todcalwi也vagucnessofthchum锄pcrception锄d吼ccn血哆whichmaych心lc·tIeri∞somcda‰fuzzysctsthcoⅨiIl仃DduccdbyZadch【39】isiIl廿DducedwithiIlMCDMmethodsto∞flecttllehumanthilll【iIlgs哆lc．3．1m吣tr蚰veca辩：锄appH明60nofAHP卸dSWOTIIlthissccti∞．wcillustratchow√旧iscombiIledwitbSWOT趾alysisto研oritizcthen砒·llralrcsour∞m龃agements劬Itcgics砒tllcFinishFbrcst柚dParkScn，icc(FFPS)．ThcFFPSisastalecntqpri跹锄舡ustcdwitht量lcad“IIistr灿nofmostoftlIcstate删d衄舢m北so盯ccsinFinl蛆d．Aboutaquan盯of岫c0皿廿y’sl粗d眦a'some8．7nlnlionhectares，is皿。derFf：PS’sm锄agement．ofmis，about2．7Inilli佣hcctarcsarenationalparks觚dco丌espondingprotcctcd批孤About3．2Inillionhcct批s批m猢gcdforcommcrcialforcsⅡy舢poscs·1nlcFFPSpr扯ticcss廿ategicnan砌他∞眦epl锄_lirIgalmc咒gionall砌．1nle陀sul血gnatl|ral北sourcepla鹏眦ahlledtocoverd虢咒ntl锄dusecl豳sallocalions．nemultipleobjec曲csofdi骶rc眦iIlterestg∞ups，锄dt0sccuresocial。ccological肌dcconomicsuistainabilit)，【40】．Thcmostimportantoutputsoft11cpl撇ingproccssa他thcstrategicmanagcmcmpl锄(rcferredto舔natural他sourcepl弛)觚dco玎cspon血lgl粕d·usem印sforthc玳aundefpl删恤g．nestratc。gicpl锄ingproccssof也eFFPS帅icallyincludcs锄撇lysisoftllcprcsentstateofna柚豫l圮sourccs．aSW0fr龃alysis，dc6nitionsof酣tcria柚dindicatorsofsuistainabili吼锄柚alysisofthcobjcctivcsofmf!fbrcntirIte他stgroups．t|leproductionofaltematiVcstratcgies锄dtlIc嬲s∞s。memoftlleirovcrall一嘶t)，．IIltIlcSw0T柚aJysis，山cnatu嘲他s伽rccs柚dtlIcirutilizati∞_47． 堡垒印ter3．Literatllrere、，iewon吐1eapplication!里!坐皇墨!!堕塑型!坐．一_盯●p-——啊舶■憎p_^咖、＼S嘣劬c蚶1、I毛兰a■啊-·Du·■-··o■氐．／∥陋熹釜一iS_■■—■·—■■二／／Fig．3．1：Anillustrativeoftherclativcimport觚ceofSW凹faCtorSin粕A'w叽印pli—cationtoacenificationcasepossibilitiesa陀studicd舶mthcvicwpoill协ofbothccono疵，cc0109ical翘dsocialsIIistainabn—i够NotsurprisiIlgIy’therehaVebecnm佑culti骼iIlliIll(iIlgtheSW0frresultswitIltheotllerph筋esofthenaturmr嚣ourccpl枷ngpmccss．hlparti饥l瓯tlleirumi盟tionh鲢be饥foundtobc邮b—lemdcwh∞eValuatiIlgaltemativestI。atcgics．ncA，W饥w弱applicdinmcFFPS’snatlIraJ他sou赋pl锄ing批aofWest啪Finl柚d'c0V*iIIgtllesoutll．e硒t咖quartcrofFinJ卸d．About60percc：ntoftheco岫廿y’spopulalionisiIl￡biS玎cgion，柚dcconornicacti、，iticsa他con伽吮tcdtllc他．1kFFPS咖sabout5pe雠nt(423，700ha)ofthc陀舀伽’sfo陀s廿yl柚d'wi山nonind吣trialpdvateforestowncrsllipp他domiIlamwith78per∞nt刚l，ne体tlip．～thoughfo他sⅡy柚dw00dproducti伽a咒theFFPS’sc0他busiIl髂sa咒弱iIlWbstemFiIll觚也al∞他c圯ati∞卸dnanRo咖靶眦i蛐a陀cmph勰iz。正63pc嗽m0fme他舀on’sfbresn了l姐discategorizcd笛bciIlg删yuscdfbrfb他st哆Afaidyc0璐ide忍blepm—p0Ition，29pc∞明t'is陀servcdfbfn咖陀pm删on．48． SW饥姐alysisbasedonAxiomaticFuzzySetA唧锄dToPSISD岫gt量圮FFPS’snamral托sourccpl观血gproccss，S、矾丌纽aJysisw懿carriedouts印a—rablybythrecbusiIIessunitsatthcFFPS(Fb陀stl∞Rccrcati∞姐dNatu陀protection)狮dwittIrespccttothI优diIII蛐sionsofsustaillabili哆(cco∞血c，social锄d∞oIogicaJ)㈨．F0rthcpur-poscoftheA?WOTcxpcrimcnt，SW0frw舔sIighnycofnpactcdbybomconIbining柚d他moVingsomcSwofI．fact0璐．F0waltcma曲cstratcgicswc聆produccddu血gthcpl她曲lgproccss．1kaltemaliV髑pro血ccdwe他：I．F0他stD，stralc斟：pow响l锄demph私isonsustaillableeconoInicu∞off6陀sts，2．Rcc他撕ons吼tcgy：cmph勰isont11c麒nationaluseofforcstS柚dsocial锄dcconoInic-P内t∞tions仃ateg)r：cmph硒isonnam陀protcction觚decologicalsustainabni啊锄d4．B勰ics舰￡cgy：itfolIowstIlccur他ntlandallocation锄df0陀snyp血ciplcs．Tab．3．1宙vcstllcoutcomesofa】t锄ativcs妇t晒∞【421．nercw讹la】(锄undcrdoscr懿锄i．nati∞in∞dcrtoclari母山洫丘twim豫gardt0theopemtionalenv曲衄enLHavillgcomplc同!生：!：!；坠呈竺竺!!竺堡箜竺!型!呈堡垒堕!皇兰堕璺!皇曼堡!!!三!Forest巧Recrea【ionProtectionBasicthescph觞cs，thcprioriticsoftlleSWOTfactorsandtIlc丘cofthealtcmativestratcgiessubjccttotllescfacto璐wc亿cstimatcdbypainⅣisccomparisons．Fb陀sa哆gottllcweightof0．5，Rcc他ation_49． 觚dNamrcPmtcctionbotllgottllcwcightofO．25．ncopp0咖Ili血shad血cgreat嚣twcight勰·cor血gtoa11thcbusincss呱ts．However'intheNatu陀nDtcctionbusin髓sunit’th他atsgot恤s锄eweight笛oppormIlities，柚dalsOweaI【Ilesseswe咒mo他predolninantthe他tllaniIlnleotllcrbusiIIessIInit．Tab．3．2：necompressedSW凹锄alysisofFPS’snamralrcsourccplanningpmcesso．抛k姚抽m蛔p诎如嘲ya，miz-jand五d哪碍州k畔“_啊咐td妇啊删ki瞳删霉∞驴H删kb●d--ha-p晡洲m删-iI矗∞Ⅲo．1∞I坼脚-耐咖po哪和t簟细印∞岫i雌陆kiq-_畔nll3他一眦lp‘村cyim即n糖‘‘越d唧‘a，甘k咄呷e酬oli‘柚—目岫噜—n醅—40-y—柚岫噜o．∞IO．3们o．I凹Oj竭0．IlIn卵4o．驰9o．砑Io．j6O．-17n螂m哪■嘣"m口_妇-m帅Iloodh-明，Iod暑c矗姗口k删o．153Ih叫，yO．o'0埘帅岫咖-yn归蚰瞄蛐d刚硒a-舶呻d0．2嘴州挪klw佃l■旧o．％I呼一出瞄口Pm叫cI珥柚喇船offh呻o．177i酬∞呷_t6∞畔o．1∞囊喀函他im毕删帖蛐hIh山仉I∞蛔矾k胛-啦函簪硼出帅岫ofl糯q靖r—io嵋tI晔i啦巩—ca瞳上善--—址■印q■矗a_岫哪l喇-o．1Iy面薯■吐r矗●h缸mkp啊_由譬妇腻m唧岫龇—哺●hh_l咄of-_矗如叫_鼬d掣ImZ77h由唯hfb啊咖∞I哪面鼍K-击岫y扭协面曲细—岫Il——嘲In●■_-_仉●52nIlO¨们nll2玑I¨蚺lo．，秘乱13Ia【a_i靶啊啊■矗蛔I矗薯“矗唪o．2狮竺型竺竺!竺竺竺竺竺竺竺竺!：!!!ThcoVerallweightsofal咖ativcsn急汜gies册ealcdthattheR优托a曲nStmtegyobtai邯【hchighest研硎娥followedbythePr吣炳∞s咖teg)r(Fig．3．2)．hn圮busiII嚣suIIi略ofFO陀s仃y·50· SWaT觚址ysisbasedon触iomaticFuzzySetA耶a11dToPSISmlb．3．3：’rhecompressedSWOT柚alysis0fFPS’snamralresourcepla彻血gprocessiIIS删Gmu珏Bmi肥uuIIicLocU口一on岫SWar-f螂。碍“，删P“O^吐∞F帕ayO．522n。-pl·nf．‘nImdhodl0．332岫咩纠蜘Itm缸p∞d‘出啦哼-—ddh曲嘲晴_一■I雎I-nd啪惦由bj。‘li怫fh—时-州由酬c删蛔幛n哺d舶柚血呻柏n岫瑚粕m叫吐c越iOn州m越h啦叫’Oj”珊山ipk”‘mOdd删_啊住q他■岫l_脚m咖pm喇∞ⅣⅢ∞∽∞嘶of卵“Ⅻ●I取of弘岫nIfh岫㈣Ⅲm_嘶蜘如l呻yh口∞e缸酬af晡p出岫OJ∞10．1‘lnI拍O．勰2O．，02O．3强O．1lOo．1，‘o．103o．1．I-细∞酬棚啦删嘲一i●垴帕of扯-嘲n23S--目-一硎f喀m酬IIo出‘憎岫In·州嘲pI—一n‘∞do蒯-．舯in‘．．)o．103"∞Ⅷ％OJl7-___●_____-_-_-_一●_-_●___●-__-__________-__-_____●___________●___________________-__--__。__●。___●______________-_-______-_________________●-_______________--____--_-_-____●_-___一№r唧n2∞如嗍抽lk蝴Or岫k●细嗍翻删c■a删蛔tk越m扭lio丑of佃嘲n103口p吐咖删缸埔mof隅o．"2山a翻血I血妇●岫抽∞略o．123蛔m哩朝Iz—佣orfh啊枷0．1蛐k材啊6∞O．髓3柚■H—m-咖o，血c叫面噜吖∞叫蟑出I佃嘲“0．3加咖ofo埘fb呻n1●●Th啊。螂一豳；hmhII蛔州u叫b瞄瞳∞Hh垤_掣ti懈柚∞峨协嘲ofF呻删删出妇抽峨-呻哪off阳Fo-搿o．I“N眦州峨ho．粥蛔峨h妞艄of瞒’-妇呻nl鹞I-ckof枷-崩：●‘·疗训抽n^O舶S7∞帅鲫．j．：—毫m憎∞眦椰咖I妇砸hz●岫●orf憾’I●抽O．1秘啊蹦圳呻ofn翻卜犯na¨．I．ka帅II_a曩啊0删tin蛔州删∞哪．Diz|Ii∞由％M哪m∞∞∞妞m酬岫a0朋龃dRcc陀ation，thcRecrcationstrategyw硒thcmostp陀ferred，butinthcbusincssunj【Na眦跏tccti∞，the跏tcctionstrategyachicvcdtheIlighestglobal砸ori吼ThcchoiccOfstrategyw舔perhapsductothcp血ciplcsfollow酣intIIep陀p撒【ion0ftllcfo盯altcmativcsn．atcgicscomp砌，pcrhapstllccconomicdimensionofsustajnabilit)，w蠲ovc和cmphasizcdiIIlhcFo他s时stratcgysothale垤ntlleFo陀stD，busincssu咄didnoIfinditto恤bcst0fthecomparedstraCegics．Onc他懿0nforthisw酗tllat’whcnproducmgaltcmatiVcstmtcgicstobefurthcrevaluated'clearlydi丘-c他nts仃atcgicswc他aimed乱．HowcVcr．withinttlcFb他stry．51． Chapter3．LiteraturereViewontheapplicationsofmeSWOT柚alysisFig．3．2：TheoVerallprioritiesofaltematiVestrategiesbyR予S’smff毫rentbusinessunjtsandbyweightingthebusinessullitsbusiIlessunjt，a】sorecreatjOnaJ绷dconsen，atiOnaimsweregiVencoIlSiderablyweighti11actualdecisionmahng-morethanwasthecaSewiththeForcstrystrategy．3．1．1SomerenIarl岱abOutmemusn·a廿vecaseAccOrdjngt0theexperiences0fA'WOTapplicationsandtests，thecombineduseoftheAHP姐dSWOT姐alysisiSapro面smgapproachi11suppo曲19strategicdecision-makingprocesses-M出ngp曲州iSecomparisonsf0赋stlledecision—makerstothiIlkoVertheweightsoftheSWoTfactorSandanalyze山esicuationmo陀p眦isely柚diIlmoredepththanstandardSWaTdoes．IntheillustratiVecasedeVelopedaboVe，SWaTaJlalysiswascharacterizcdbyquantitatiVedata．A】·though'byapplymgA'WoTwithmttlenlustratiVec雒eaboVe，notonlymemutualweigh血gofSWOTfactorS，butalsoeVaJuationofaJtemativesn雀egicdecisionsc狮beintegratedwithordinarySWOT姬alysis，however’A'WOTdoesnotIIcSolVethedeficienciesofSWOTaIlalysis：especiaJly'【heproblemofuncertajn哆withiIlsomedatac锄otbesolVedViaA，w0Twtlichjustdcalwittlcrispdata．．52． SW0rr卸alysisbasedonAⅨiomaticFuzzySetAHPandToPSIS3．2AppⅡ昀缸onofme缸zzymeoryinmestratIegIcpl柚ni略～tlloughuptonow'c舶nshaveb∞nmadctosolvcoutn圮SwOTproblems，thcusualapproachis吐Icuscof砸嘶tizationmcthods．hlpanicul虬thcAHPh硒bc锄inlplcmcntcdforthisc蹴，澉蝴ti∞3．1．KurtilIal6】，developedahybrid黜tIlodirIordcrto血pmvcmcusagcofSW0『r柚alysis锄dt0cliIIlinatettledefici明cicsaboutme雏ure】me呲锄dcvaluationbyasyst锄·aticala_pproach．Themethod，wtlichiscallcdA’W饥【43·44】，isiIlfktobtaincdbyc0仰ccting妞√Umwi山SWOT柚alysis．111SWOT趾alysis，somcunccnainticsc蛆becncount删iIlttlcc、，alu撕onofthcO曙删zatiOn’silltemal强d懿temalenV的nment．1tc狮bcstakdtllatitishpossibleforthe叩ponllllitics锄d衄cats撕sing晌mmccxtcmalcnVironm朋tofmc丘册t0bcalwaysdefinc加a卫yc∞dition．Co胚equendy’itisalsoiIllpossiblctome勰u地ttlcnumcricalValuesp陀ciscly．SirIlil础y'“is∞talwayspossibletomc筋u他orevaJuatetlles仃cngⅡ略andwcalcnesseswllicharcthccOn∞quences0ftllc硒scts卸dabilitiesOfthcfl册cxactly．Tbc陀isasimil盯ca∞iIItIleSWOTfhctOrs．Forcx-amplc，itisnotcasytome勰u豫ttlccx∞tValu懿fbr“pohticalunccn血tics”or‘．|幻ssible”problcII塔inthec州i∞nme弧boths缸砒egicfkto聪锄dtllI芑atsfortl圮O珞allization．Besides，inSWaT弛al·ysis。itisdi施cultt0cValuate(hcf缸t0璐iIl锄yc舔c锄dat柚)，timciIlabillaD，b舔ed艋stotleIo舀c．Fbrillst锄ce，itmaynotbc亿alisticto陀p他scnttllcimageaboultllcgoodsandservicespro血ccdbythe血mi11陀allife，the坨maybedifkrcm酬uationsbetw∞nthcsctwo．Thc陀fo他，itwi盯notbepossibleto仰derstaIIdctleacmaIsituation们tll锄酬uationwhichdocsnot懿sumcfuzzi耻ss．Henccfhzz)，tlleoDristllcnapplied、Ⅳithinmcstralcgicpl撇ing．3．3Asur、，eyoffuzzysets恤eoryThcnotion0ffuzzyscth硒bc宅nilltroduccdiIlordert0fo加瑚协theme觞urcment0fhum锄concc呻onnumcricalscalcs【391，irIcollnccti∞wim山e他p他scntationofhum锄natu脚l粕guagc锄dcomputingwitllwords．Fuzzysets柚dfuzzylogica他us酣formodclingimp嗽i∞modcsof陀asor血lgthatplay锄csscntialrolcintIIc陀mm【ablchum柚abili哕t0make豫tionald∞isionsinancnvironmcntofunccnain哕andimprccisionl45】．Amajor∞ntributionofttlefuzzy∞tthcory．53· Chapter3．LiteratllrereviewontheapplicationsoftheSWOTanalysisisitscapabili哆of亿pr髂entingvagl圮data．Thenleo叮alsoallowsmatllcmaticalopc忍toB柚dpf0黟卸衄血lgto印plytothefhzzydom咖．Afu盟y辩tisacl雏sofobjectswithacon血uumofgradesofmembersllip．Suchasctischaractcri跹dbyamcmbership(chamc丽stic)function’which舔sigIlstocachobjccta伊adeofmembe塔hipbe咖een髓roandonc．3．3．1P玎diminarydeIiId缸onsoflhzzydataLctXbcacl舔sicaI跎tofobjccts，caUedttleuIliVe嗽，whosegcnericelemcntsa咒d即otcdby工11lc眦mbcrs呻inacrispsubsetofxiso舭nvicwcd硒chmct丽stic凡nctionm舳mXto{o，1)suchthat：一{：=眦A'whe咒{O：1)iscallcdaValu撕onscLHtlleValuaIi∞sctisalldwcdt0bethe他alintcr砌【o，l】，Aiscalledafuzzysct强ddcnotcdbyAand蚜isthedegreeofmembersllipof工inA．Dl沮m廿on3．3．1．IfAisafuzzyset，th∞Aiscomplctclych撇c丽zcdbytbe∞toforderedpairs：A={0，畅(x))恤∈x)．De痂缸缸on3．3．2．(∞levclora—cIlt)．neo‘一饥tofafuzzy跎tAisa丽spsubsct0fX孤disdc∞tcdby：川俚={O，k仁))≥伍}whc陀吩0)iStllemembe幅llipfunctionofA锄da∈【o．1】．Thelow口蛆dupp盯pointSofanya—cut'陋】a，are他p坨senbcdbyi11f陋k弛dsup陋】Ⅱ，圮sp∞·tiVely'蛆dwesupp0踺thatboth玳fillite．De觚廿蚰333．(№m嘶)A如zz)rsetAisno肌alif龃dorIlyif如氏肾=1．D曲面60n3．3．4．(C伽比矗班)Afuz巧辩tAinXiS∞m吼if趾doIIlyif衙唧pairofpoim．54— SWOT锄alvsisbasedonAXiomaticF、JzzySetAHP锄dTOPSIS工1锄dpillX。mcmcrnbersllipfunctionofAsatisficstlIeirIequali哆心(融1+(卜6)≯)≥小加咄01)，心p))，wrhc他6∈【o，l】．舢tem撕Vely’afuzzysctisconVexifalla—levclsetsa陀convcx．．’De丘m廿on3．3．5．(^【lz猡疗“m易P，．)Afuzzy辩tAisaconvcxno肌alizedf．嵫ysct^ofthc圮alliJ把Rwith∞n血uousmcmbc璐hip允nction．kt庸bcaf砌ngM肠，．／iIz秽n础Pr’厨issilIlplydcnoted弱(f，m，刀)、Ⅳhc化p础曲et哪J，m锄d以dcnotc北spcctivclynlesmallestpossiblcValuc，themostpr0InisiIlgValue孤dtllclargcst砌ucthatdcscIibcafuzzycvent．Each1甲Nh勰抽c盯他pres姐嘶。眦onitSk疵rightsidcsuchOO皿■Fig．3．3：瓢锄gul缸fuzzynumberthatitsmcmbersllipfunctioncanbedcfincd雏p。，麝，={三二三笼二：)；，三三{
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