21预习--张静轩,张吉

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1、2.1DEFININGTHEPROBLEMANDGATHERINGDATA（问题定义和数据收集）Incontrasttotextbookexamples,mostpracticalproblemsencounteredbyORteamsareinitial®（［Finrblihadv•开始；最初）describedtotheminayague［veig］，adi•模糊白勺；（思想上）不清楚的；（表达或感知）含糊的；暧昧的n.模糊不定状态）加ip/pci陀（［.impritais］，adj•不米青确的，不确定的；含糊不清）way.Therefore,thefirsto

2、rderofbusinessistostudythe吻咖加（adi.有矣的，中肯的；相矢联的；确切的；有重大意义［作用］的'实质性的）systemanddevelopawell-definedstatementoftheproblemtobeconsidered.Thisincludesdeterminingsuchthingsastheappropriateobjectives,constraintsonwhatcanbedone,inteirelationships（n•相互尖系［联系'影响］，干扰）betweentheareatobestudiedandoth

3、erareasoftheorganization,possiblealternativecoursesofaction,timelimitsformakingadecision,andsoon.Thisprocessofproblemdefinitionisacrucial（adj•尖键性的5极其显要的；决定性的；十字形的）onebecauseitgreatlyaffectshowrelevanttheconclusionsofthestudywillbe.Itisdifficulttoextracta"right11answerfromthe"wrong"prob

4、lem!ThefirstthingtorecopnizeisthatanORteamnorniallyworksinanadvisory心0〃0刃卯・（咨询育£力）Theteammembersarenotjustgivenaproblemandtoldtosolveithowevertheyseefit.Insteadtheyadvisemanagement（oftenonekeydecisionmaker）・Theteamperformsadetailedtechnicalanalysisoftheproblemandthenpresentsrecommendat

5、ions（n•推荐扌隹荐信；正式建议；提议）tomanagement.Frequently,thereporttomanagementwillidentifyanumberofalternativesthatareparticularlyattractiveunderdifferentassumptions（n/假定、0意断）oroveradifferentrangeofvaluesofsomepolicyparameter政策参数thatcanbeevaluated（adj•估价的，已评估的V.评价；求…的值（或数）；对…评价；［数学、逻辑学］求…的数值）only

6、bymanagement（e.g.,thetrade-offbetweencostandbenefits）.Managementevaluatesthestudyanditsrecommendations•推荐（recommendation的名i司复数）；推荐信；正式建议提议，takesintoaccountavarietyofintangible（adj.触不到的；难以理解的；无法确定的n.＜商〉（指企业资产）无形白勺）factors,andmakesthefinaldecisionbasedonitsbestjudgment.Consequently,itisv

7、ital（adj•维持生命所必需的；至尖重要的；生死攸尖的；生气勃勃的）fortheORteamtogetonthesamewavelengthn.＜物〉波长；波段；完全一致5筒虫;合）asmanagement,includingidentifyingthe"right"problemfrommanagement^viewpoint,andtobuildthesupportofmanagementforthecoursethatthestudyistaking.加力（v•弄清，确定，查明）theappropriateobjectivesisaveryimport