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1、(l)Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetocoldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences,arguethatrewardscan_1_performaneeatworkandschool.Cognitive(认识派的)researchers,whostudyvariousaspectsofmentailife,maintEi
2、inthatrewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceon―2―andgiftsfromothers.Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,_3_amongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmal1_4_rewardsspeakscreativityingradeschoolchildren,suggestingthatproperlyprosentedinduccmcnts(刺激)indeed—5_inventiveness,accordingtoastudy
3、intheJuneJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology."Ifkidsknowthey，reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelatively―6―task,theyshowthemostcreativity,”saysRobertEisenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark."Butit'seasyto—7—creativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewa
4、rds.Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsourhighgradesfor―8―achievementendsuPwithuninspiredstudents,Eisenbcrgerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint，henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsand―9―failinggrades.Inearlygrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomies,
5、inwhichstudentshemdlechai1engingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,shows—10―inraisingeffortsandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.A)mentalB)promiseC)killD)avoidE)hopeF)especiallyG)aidH)ordinaryT)approvalJ)monetaryK)general1yL)improveM)challengingN)restore0)excel
6、lent答案：LIFJGMCHNB(2)Thereisapopularbeliefamongparentsthatschoolsarenolongerinterestedinspelling.NoschoolIhavetaughtinhaseverspellingorconsidereditunimportantasabasicskill.Thereare,however,vastlydifferentideasabouthowtotcachit,orhowmuchitmustbegivenovergenerallanguagedevelopmentandwritingabilit
7、y.Theproblemis,howtoencourageachildtoexpresshimselffreelyandinwritingwithoutholdinghimbackwiththecomplexitiesofspelling?Ifspellingbecometheonlyfocalpointofhisteachersinterest,clearlya—4_childwillbelikelytouplaysafe”•Hewilltendtowriteonl
