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1、CHAPTER8REGENERATIVEMEDICINEJasonP.Glotzbach,SaeHeeKo,GeoffreyC.Gurtner,andMichaelT.Longakerclinicianswithanexpandedarmamentariumtotreatdiseasedstemcellsourcesanddysfunctionalorgans.bioengineeringforregenerativemedicineclinicalapplicationsofstemcellsEmbryonicStemCellsDuringdevelopment,tw
2、odistinctlineagesemergeduringthetransitionfrommorulatoblastocyst,thetrophoectodermandtheinnercellmass.Embryonicstemcells(ESCs)areimmortalRegenerationreferstotherestorationofnormaltissueandorgancelllinesderivedfromtheinnercellmassoftheblastocyst.Thearchitectureandfunctionafterinjuryordise
3、ase.AlthoughtwohallmarkcharacteristicsofESCsaretheirunlimitedinvitronumerouscomplexorganismsretainimpressivecapacitytoself-renewalcapacityandtheirabilitytodifferentiateintoall1regeneratelimbsandorgansthroughoutadultlife,humanshavesomaticcelltypes.Anumberoftranscriptionfactors,mostsacrifi
4、cedregenerativeabilityforspeedandstrengthofrepair.prominentlyOct4,Sox2,andNanog,areessentialregulatorsThishasallowedustoenjoyremarkableevolutionarysuccess,thatensurethemaintenanceofpluripotencywhilesuppressing2butitalsoleadstosignificantscarringthatcausessignificantlossdifferentiation.Th
5、etwoglycolipidantigensSSEA3andSSEA4offunctionandaestheticconsequences.Itmaybepossibletoareoperationalcellsurfacemarkersusedtoidentifyhuman3improveonthenormalrecoveryfrominjuryandillnessbyESCs.SincethesuccessfulisolationofmouseandhumanpromotingtruetissueregenerationinsteadofrepairthroughE
6、SCs,theirpotentialforcellreplacementtherapyandregenera-4fibrosisandscarring.Surgeonshaveunderstoodthesedynamicstivemedicinehasbeenwidelyacknowledged.Bothmouseandfordecades,butcomprehensivetissueandorganregenerationhumanESCshavedemonstratedaninvitrocapacitytohaveremainedelusiveinclinicalp
7、ractice.Thefieldofregenera-formcardiomyocytes,hematopoieticprogenitors,neurons,skel-tivemedicineislargelyfocusedonstemcells,whicharepower-etalmyocytes,adipocytes,osteocytes,chondrocytes,andpancre-fulundifferentiatedcellsthathavetheabilitytoself-renewandaticisletcellswhenc
