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1、第一章绪论thestructureofEnglishsentence1.0introduction--ThegrammaruniteshierarchyHigherATextconsistsofoneormoresentences.ASentenceconsistsofoneormoreclausesAClauseconsistsofoneormorephrasesAPhraseconsistsofoneormorewordsAWordsconsistsofoneormoreMorphemeLow
2、er定义1AMorpheme1.1Morphemes词素词素是语言中最小的不可再分的单位，词素是抽象的，他通过词素式morph表现出来，有变体形式，称为词素变体allomorph。可单独使用的词素称为自由词素freemorpheme,只能依附其他词素使用的称为粘附词素boundmorpheme.一般来说，自由词素表现意义，粘附词素只表现附加意义或者语法上的特征。Morphemes词素Theminimalunitsofgrammaticalanalysis,alsothesmallestmeanin
3、gfulunitoflanguage.Can’tbefurtherdividedintosmallersegments.e.g.“un””able””mention””s”Morph形素词素的语音或者拼写法的体现。TheconcreterealizationofaMorpheme.Allomorph词素变体Aphonetically,lexicallyorgrammaticallyconditionedmemberofasetofmorphsrepresentingaparticularmorph
4、eme.e.g.“knife””knives”FreeMorpheme自由词素Amorphemethatcanoccurinisolation.e.g.“boy””girl””go””do””mention””self”BoundMorpheme粘附词素Amorphemethatcanonlyoccurinconjunctionwithatleastoneothermorpheme.e.g.“sinboys””-edinworked””-ingindoing”1.2Words1.2.1WordsC
5、lassOpenClass开放性词多，旧词消亡新词产生。ClosedClass关闭性词数目少相对稳定MarginalClass边缘Nouns名词;Verb动词;Adjective形容词;Adverb副词Determiner限定词;Pronouns代词;Preposition介词;Conjunction连词;Auxiliary助动词;Numerals数词（不可添加新形式但无限）Interjections感叹词1.2.2wordformation构词法a.Affixation词缀法List具体见书9-
6、10页英语分前缀后缀和中缀，前缀加在词根之前，改变词义不改变词类。后缀加在词根之后，改变词类不改变词义。RootArootisthatpartofawordthatremainswhenallaffixeshavebeenremoved.E.g.“force”inenforce;“touch”inuntouchableStemAstemhastodowithinflectionfeaturesandisthepartthatremainswhenallinflectionaffixes(曲折词缀）
7、havebeenremoved.e.g.“chair”inchairs,“work”inworked,“untouchable”inuntouchablesBaseAbaseisanyformtowhichanyaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.e.g.“touch”intouchable,“touchable”inuntouchable,“untouchable”inuntouchablesPrefixAttachedbeforeabase,thefunctiontendst
8、obesemanticallyoriented,itaddsnewmeaningtoabaseSuffixesAttachedafterabase,thefunctiontendstobeclass-changing.b.Composition复合法两个或者两个以上的独立词构成一个复合词。E.g.:manservant,snowfall,deadline,spotlight,world-famous,before-tax,whenever,whereas…c.Convention转
