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1、Chapter4FamilyintheUnitedStatesAhundredyearsago,oneheardthesamekindsofcommentsabouttheAmericanfamilythatonehearstoday–inshort,thattheAmericanfamilyisdisintegrating.Proofofthisdisintegrationattheendofthenineteenthcenturyincludedthreepoints:thedecliningbirthrate,aris
2、ingdivorcerate,andevidencethatwomenwerenotcompletelycontentwiththeirdomesticrole.It’salittlesurprisingtomethatthesameclaimaboutthefamilyisbeingmadetoday–thatitisdisintegrating.Andoftenthesamepointsarementionedasproof:decliningbirthrates,increasingdivorcerates,anddi
3、scontentofwomenwithdomesticroles.Now,innowaydoImeantoimplythatcultural,demographic,andeconomicconditionsarethesamenowastheywere100yearsago.Onthecontrary,theverynatureofthefamilyhaschangeddrasticallyinthelast50years,nottomentionthelast100years.ButIdon’tthinktheavera
4、geperson’sconceptofthefamilyhaschangedverymuchovertheyears.Alotofpeoplehaveonefixedideaofthefamily:amarriedcouplewhereMotherstayshometocareforthechildrenandFatherworks.ButthisideaischallengedbywhatweseeeverydayintheU.S.society.Tobesure,thefamilyisaverysensitivebaro
5、meterforwhatishappeninginthesociety,theculture,andtheeconomyoftheUnitedStates.Tomakethispointclearer,we’lltakealookathowtheAmericanfamilyhaschangedinthelast50yearsbylookingatthreedifferenttimeperiods:therearethemid-1940stothemid-1960s;themid-60tothemid-80s;andfinal
6、lythepresent.SociologistBarbaraDafoeWhiteheadlabelsthesesthreeperiodstheperiodoftraditionalfamilism,theperiodofindividualism,andtheperiodofthenewfamilism.Iwilltryforeachperiodtoshowhoweconomic,demographic,andculturalelementsinteractand,inturn,affectthefamily.一百年前,一
7、听到关于美国家庭的意见相同种类的人听到今天–总之,美国家庭的解体。在第十九世纪末的这种分裂的证明包括三点:出生率下降,离婚率上升,并有证据表明,妇女没有完全满足其国内的作用。这一点令我惊讶,关于家庭相同的说法是,它是今天–崩解。同样的观点也被提及为:出生率下降,离婚率上升,女性对家庭角色的不满。现在,我的意思是说,在100年前,文化、人口和经济条件是一样的。相反,在过去的50年里,家庭的性质发生了很大变化,而不是过去的100年。但我不认为普通人的家庭观念在过去几年里发生了很大变化。很多人都有一个固定的家庭观念:一对已婚夫妇,
8、母亲留在家里照顾孩子和父亲的工作。但是这个想法在美国社会每天都在挑战着我们的社会。可以肯定的是,家庭是一个非常敏感的晴雨表,在社会,文化和经济的美国发生了什么。为了使这一点更加清晰,我们将看看美国家庭已经从三个不同的时间段在过去的50年中发生了变化:有1940年代的mid-60;到80年代