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1、汕头大学硕士学位论文先秦儒家师道研究摘要师道是我国教育历史形成的特定概念,从历史的与逻辑的统一、抽象的与具体的统一上来考察,可以将师道界定为:师道其实就是儒家师道,主要指为师之道、尊师之道与求师之道,它生动地体现在师承中,先秦儒家对此已有完整的认识和实践,师道与儒家思想及其发展有着内在的一致性。师道有其漫长的历史积累,舜学为其始,以“老”为师,养教相合,行以孝为抽引、揆通之礼教,庠即考礼详事之意。经夏商之学,养教始行乞言之礼,重师者德行,教、学之典则立,此乃师道发展之历史动力。西周善兼善作,文教富而学政
2、治,官师合一,以“老”为师变矣,尊师之礼大备,诸如大学食三老五更、祭奠、释菜之礼等等,明乎尊师重道。入春秋,礼坏乐崩,孔子稽古圣道而修文德,肇创以君子为典范之儒家,办私学而行诲教,有教无类,其论为师,学而不厌、诲人不倦是也;弟子尊师有其礼,束脩、侍坐、心丧是也,以诚为基;孔子劝学,一曰习、性之分,一曰学、仕之优,弟子求师,须善问;师道既尽,师生情义生矣。孔子后,孟子、荀子追述之,孟子道仁义、心性,开师道一新境界,其若处处馀师、反身而诚、乐育英才,非幽难以解之,荀子则道礼法、性伪,尤重尊师、积学,故列师为
3、礼之一本,勉学弟子而致一。学而不厌,知也;诲人不倦,仁也,既知且仁,则圣,是故圣乃先秦儒家师道之极也,孔子率先述之,并行之,乃人师之模范也,孟子、荀子法之、括之,此之谓“会其有极,归其有极。”而外,先秦儒家师道乃儒家师道之本,“本立而道生”,是故儒家师道虽各时有其特点,然皆以承扬先秦儒家师道为务。关键词:师道;圣;礼;孝;孔子I汕头大学硕士学位论文先秦儒家师道研究AbstractShiTaoistheparticularconceptofoureducationhistory.Fromtheinvest
4、igationofitsunityofhistoryandlogic,abstractandconcrete,itcanbedrawn:ShiTaomainlymeansbeingateacher,respectingteachersandseekingguidancefromtheteacher.Itembodiesvividinthedisciple.Pre-qinConfucianhashadcompletecognitionandpracticeforthis.ShiTaoandConfucia
5、nismwithitsdevelopmenthaveinherentconsistency.ShiTaohasalonghistoryofaccumulation.TheShunschoolwasthebeginning,whichperformedbothmaintenanceandteaching.Teachersweretheold,whotaughtLibasedonfilialpiety.XiangmeansmasteringLiandpracticingit.WhencametoXiaand
6、Shang,maintenanceandteachingbegantoimplementtheritualofbeggingwords,whichemphasizedteachers'moralconduct.Thedogmaofteachingandlearninghasbeenestablished,whichwasthehistoricalmotiveofthedevelopmentofShiTao.WesternZhouwasgoodatabsorptionandcreation,thecult
7、ureandeducationofwhichwereprosperous.Soitsmechanismofeducationgovernmentwasexcellent,regardingtheofficerastheteacherinsteadoftheold.TheLiofrespectingteacherswasdiverse.Forinstance,imperialschoolentertaininggreatestoldteacher,thesimplicityofsacrifice,ensh
8、riningfood,andsoon,makingclearforrespectingteachersandTao.Withthearrivalofthespringandautumnperiod,LiandYueweredamaged.Confuciusrestoredtheancientandwroteclassics,initiatingConfucianismwhichthegentlemanisexemplar.Andthen,h