景观中的价值观——《艰难时世》的空间艺术分析

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1、摘要界，而只有出于人类本能的爱和想象才能引导人类走向这个理想的世界。总而言之，小说通过基于现实而带有寓言性的空间展开，通过象征性的景观，以及隐喻和夸张等手法揭示出对资本主义工业问题本质的理解和对人类对未来的浪漫主义理想。本文试图借助空间批评的理论展示出作者在这部小说中体现的价值观，更全面地展示出《艰》的艺术魅力和社会价值。关键词《艰难时世》空间批评景观象征价值观IVAbstractAbstractHardTimesistheworkwritteninthegloomyandpessimisticphaseofDickens.Forsomeserioussocialproblemsinvolv

2、edinthework,suchasthecontradictionbetweentheemployerandtheemployeeintheindustrialsocietyoftheVictorianEngland,HardTimesisoftenthoughtnotverysuccessfulbytaking“truthfulness”asthemeasurement.Withtheideologyofspatialtheory,thisthesistriestogiveananalysisofthesymboliclandscapeinthework,soastoillustrate

3、thewriter’smediationandcriticismofthesocialproblems’essence,andtorevealhistruevalueandidealizationexpressedthroughthemetaphorinlandscape.Inspatialcriticism,“space”isnotsubsidiarytotimeorastaticpassivecontainer;instead,itisastrongpowerformedonthebasisofcertainculture.Inliterature,“space”isoftensimpl

4、yequatedwiththelandscapeasoneoftheelementsinanovel;itisthe“container”andbackgroundofthecharactersandplot.Inspatialcriticism,landscapehasmultiplepropertiesincludingsocial,culturalandhistoricalmeaning.Thelandscapeiscomposedofmateriallandscapeandnon-materiallandscape,andthelatterincludesavarietyoffact

5、orssuchasideologyandviewoftheworld.The"space"inliteraryworksimpliestheabstractmetaphoricallandscape,whichisasymbolicsystemofsocialcultureandvalue,reflectingtheoutlookofthewriterforlifeandsociety.Spatialcriticismregardsthelandscapeinliteratureasaspatialmetaphorandputsemphasisonhowthespacereflectsthe

6、socialrelationshipandtheideologyofthewriter,soastoexplorethedeepsocialsignificanceoftheliteratureworks.Themainlinesthenovelinclude:Louisareceivesthe“fact”educationofherfatherMr.GradgrindfromherageandhashertragicdestinyinmarryingBounderby;thecontradictionbetweenBounderbyandtheworkingclasswithStephan

7、astherepresentation.Thelivingenvironmentofthecharactersisverylimited:themaincharactersleadtheirliveshardlyexceedingthescopeofCoketown,whiletheauthorneverattemptstomakerealisticdescriptionoftheindustrialscen