[Statistics.in.a.Nutshell(2nd,2012.11)].Sarah.Boslaugh.文字版

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1、STATISTICSINANUTSHELLSecondEditionSarahBoslaughBeijing•Cambridge•Farnham•Köln•Sebastopol•TokyoStatisticsinaNutshell,SecondEditionbySarahBoslaughCopyright©2013SarahBoslaugh.Allrightsreserved.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.PublishedbyO’ReillyMedia,Inc.,1005Gr

2、avensteinHighwayNorth,Sebastopol,CA95472.O’Reillybooksmaybepurchasedforeducational,business,orsalespromotionaluse.Onlineeditionsarealsoavailableformosttitles(http://my.safaribooksonline.com).Formoreinfor-mation,contactourcorporate/institutionalsalesdepartment:

3、800-998-9938orcorporate@oreilly.com.Editor:MaryTreselerIndexer:PotomacIndexing,LLCProductionEditor:KristenBorgCoverDesigner:RandyComerCopyeditor:nSight,Inc.InteriorDesigner:DavidFutatoProofreader:KatieDePasqualeIllustrator:RebeccaDemarestJuly2008:FirstEdition.

4、November2012:SecondEdition.RevisionHistoryfortheSecondEdition:2012-10-31FirstreleaseSeehttp://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449316822forreleasedetails.NutshellHandbook,theNutshellHandbooklogo,andtheO’Reillylogoareregisteredtrade-marksofO’ReillyMedia,

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6、nc.,wasawareofatrademarkclaim,thedesignationshavebeenprintedincapsorinitialcaps.Whileeveryprecautionhasbeentakeninthepreparationofthisbook,thepublisherandauthorassumenoresponsibilityforerrorsoromissions,orfordamagesresultingfromtheuseoftheinformationcontainedh

7、erein.ISBN:978-1-449-31682-2[LSI]1351705222TableofContentsPreface.............................................................ix1.BasicConceptsofMeasurement...................................1Measurement2LevelsofMeasurement2TrueandErrorScores8ReliabilityandVal

8、idity10MeasurementBias14Exercises172.Probability....................................................21AboutFormulas22BasicDefinitions23DefiningProbability30Bayes’Theorem34EnoughExp