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1、STATISTICSINANUTSHELLSecondEditionSarahBoslaughBeijing•Cambridge•Farnham•Köln•Sebastopol•TokyoStatisticsinaNutshell,SecondEditionbySarahBoslaughCopyright©2013SarahBoslaugh.Allrightsreserved.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.PublishedbyO’ReillyMedia,Inc.,1005Gr
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3、800-998-9938orcorporate@oreilly.com.Editor:MaryTreselerIndexer:PotomacIndexing,LLCProductionEditor:KristenBorgCoverDesigner:RandyComerCopyeditor:nSight,Inc.InteriorDesigner:DavidFutatoProofreader:KatieDePasqualeIllustrator:RebeccaDemarestJuly2008:FirstEdition.
4、November2012:SecondEdition.RevisionHistoryfortheSecondEdition:2012-10-31FirstreleaseSeehttp://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449316822forreleasedetails.NutshellHandbook,theNutshellHandbooklogo,andtheO’Reillylogoareregisteredtrade-marksofO’ReillyMedia,
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7、erein.ISBN:978-1-449-31682-2[LSI]1351705222TableofContentsPreface.............................................................ix1.BasicConceptsofMeasurement...................................1Measurement2LevelsofMeasurement2TrueandErrorScores8ReliabilityandVal
8、idity10MeasurementBias14Exercises172.Probability....................................................21AboutFormulas22BasicDefinitions23DefiningProbability30Bayes’Theorem34EnoughExp