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1、LITHUANIANMYTHOLOGYGINTARASBERESNEVICIUSLithuanianmythologyunderwentitsformationatthetimewhentheactiveandbelligerenttribeswhoweretheancestorsofmodernLithuaniansweredistinguishingthemselvesfromthebulkoftheBalticprotonation,circa500AD.AtthistimetheLithuaniantraditionacquireditsspecificcharacter
2、.ThemythologiesofLithuaniansandotherBaltsareversionsofthecommonIndo-Europeanfieldofmythologicalimages,buttheLithuanianandBaltictraditionspreservedarchaicIndo-Europeanimages,whichdisappearedfromotherEuropeanregionsbeforetheearlyMiddleAges.SincethemostimportantcharactersoftheLithuanianpantheonw
3、erecommontoallBalts,wewillbeginbydescribingtheircommonelements.GODSANDHEROESThehighestfigureintheBalticpantheonisDievas,inPrussianDeywisorDeyws,andinLatvianDievs.ThisgodisofIndo-Europeanorigin,andhisname,asinsomereligionsoftheNearEast,hasbeenexpandedtoembraceallgods(God—thenameofthehighestofg
4、ods,god—thenameappliedtoallgods).EarlierDievasorDeivassimplydenotedtheshiningdomeofthesky,cf.ancientIndiandeva‘god’anddyazts‘sky’,Latindeusanddies,originatingfromtheIndo-Europeanrootdeiuo-s,whichmeansbothGodandsky.Dievas,Dievs,DeivsisalsorelatedtotheGreekZeus.InLithuaniandialectshisnameissome
5、timesPondzejis,AvestianDaeva,LuvianTiwat,LidianTiyaz,astheGermanTiwaz.TheFinnstookthenameofDievasfromtheBalts,cf.FinnishtaivasandEstoniantaevas‘sky’.InthemythologyoftheBalts,DangausDievas(GodoftheSky)retainsquiteafeworiginalIndo-Europeancharacteristics—helivesinheaven,isrelatedtoshiningcelest
6、ialbodiesandisimaginedasalight,radiantpersondecidingfates.ForPrussiansandLithuanians,however,DangausDievasbecomesaninactivegod,deusotiosus.InsomelistsofPrussiangodshedoesnotfigureatall,whileinLithuaniantaleshetakespartinthecreationoftheworldanditsaftermath.InLatviansongsDievasismuchmoreactive
7、—hegoesdownthehillonwhichhelivesandwalksaroundafieldofryecarryingblissandfertilitytotheearth.Andalthoughtraditionallyitwaspossibletorelyuponhimwhenstrikingacontract,makingavow,orintimesofcrises,hiscultamongtheBaltswasdoubtful.Inanycase,sacred
