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1、350BCONMEMORYANDREMINISCENCEbyAristotletranslatedbyJ.I.Beare1WEhave,inthenextplace,totreatofMemoryandRemembering,consideringitsnature,itscause,andthepartofthesoultowhichthisexperience,aswellasthatofRecollecting,belongs.Forthepersonswhopossessaretentivem
2、emoryarenotidenticalwiththosewhoexcelinpowerofrecollection;indeed,asarule,slowpeoplehaveagoodmemory,whereasthosewhoarequick-wittedandcleverarebetteratrecollecting.Wemustfirstformatrueconceptionoftheseobjectsofmemory,apointonwhichmistakesareoftenmade.Now
3、torememberthefutureisnotpossible,butthisisanobjectofopinionorexpectation(andindeedtheremightbeactuallyascienceofexpectation,likethatofdivination,inwhichsomebelieve);noristherememoryofthepresent,butonlysense-perception.Forbythelatterweknownotthefuture,no
4、rthepast,butthepresentonly.Butmemoryrelatestothepast.Noonewouldsaythatheremembersthepresent,whenitispresent,e.g.agivenwhiteobjectatthemomentwhenheseesit;norwouldonesaythatheremembersanobjectofscientificcontemplationatthemomentwhenheisactuallycontemplati
5、ngit,andhasitfullbeforehismind;-oftheformerhewouldsayonlythatheperceivesit,ofthelatteronlythatheknowsit.Butwhenonehasscientificknowledge,orperception,apartfromtheactualizationsofthefacultyconcerned,hethus'remembers'(thattheanglesofatrianglearetogethereq
6、ualtotworightangles);astotheformer,thathelearnedit,orthoughtitoutforhimself,astothelatter,thatheheard,orsaw,it,orhadsomesuchsensibleexperienceofit.Forwheneveroneexercisesthefacultyofremembering,hemustsaywithinhimself,'Iformerlyheard(orotherwiseperceived
7、)this,'or'Iformerlyhadthisthought'.Memoryis,therefore,neitherPerceptionnorConception,butastateoraffectionofoneofthese,conditionedbylapseoftime.Asalreadyobserved,thereisnosuchthingasmemoryofthepresentwhilepresent,forthepresentisobjectonlyofperception,and
8、thefuture,ofexpectation,buttheobjectofmemoryisthepast.Allmemory,therefore,impliesatimeelapsed;consequentlyonlythoseanimalswhichperceivetimeremember,andtheorganwherebytheyperceivetimeisalsothatwherebytheyremember.Thesubjectof'pres
