[博弈论书籍].game.theory.lecture.notes,levent kockesen

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1、Chapter1Introduction1.1WHATISGAMETHEORY?We,humans,cannotsurvivewithoutinteractingwithotherhumans,andironically,itsome-timesseemsthatwehavesurviveddespitethoseinteractions.Productionandexchangerequirecooperationbetweenindividualsatsomelevelbutthesameinteractionsmayals

2、oleadtodisastrousconfrontations.Humanhistoryisasmuchahistoryoffightsandwarsasitisahistoryofsuccess-fulcooperation.Manyhumaninteractionscarrythepotentialsofcooperationandharmonyaswellasconflictanddisaster.Examplesareabound:relationshipsamongcouples,siblings,countries,ma

3、nagementandlaborunions,neighbors,studentsandprofessors,andsoon.Onecanarguethattheincreasinglycomplextechnologies,institutions,andculturalnormsthathaveexistedinhumansocietieshavebeenthereinordertofacilitateandregulatetheseinteractions.Forexample,internettechnologygrea

4、tlyfacilitatesbuyer-sellertransactions,butalsocomplicatesthemfurtherbyincreasingopportunitiesforcheatingandfraud.Workersandmanagershaveusu-allyopposinginterestswhenitcomestowagesandworkingconditions,andlaborunionsaswellaslaborlawprovidechannelsandrulesthroughwhichany

5、potentialconflictbetweenthemcanbead-dressed.Similarly,severalculturalandreligiousnorms,suchasaltruismorreciprocity,bringsomeordertopotentiallydangerousinteractionsbetweenindividuals.Allthesenormsandinstitutionsconstantlyevolveasthenatureoftheunderlyinginteractionskeep

6、changing.Inthissense,under-standinghumanbehaviorinitssocialandinstitutionalcontextrequiresaproperunderstandingofhumaninteraction.Economics,sociology,psychology,andpoliticalsciencearealldevotedtostudyinghumanbehaviorindifferentrealmsofsociallife.However,inmanyinstance

7、stheytreatindividualsinisolation,forconvenienceifnotforanythingelse.Inotherwords,theyassumethattounderstand12Introductiononeindividual'sbehavioritissafetoassumethatherbehaviordoesnothaveasignificanteffectonotherindividuals.Insomecases,anddependinguponthequestiononeisa

8、sking,thisassumptionmaybewarranted.Forexample,whatasmallfarmerinalocalmarket,sayinMontana,chargesforwheatisnotlikelytohaveaneffecto