[博弈论书籍].evolutionary.game.theory (stanford encyclopedia of philosophy)

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1、16/12/2013EvolutionaryGameTheory(StanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy)TheSEPisfreelyavailabletoallU.K.higherandfurthereducationalinstitutionsbecauseoffinancialsupportfromtheJISC.EvolutionaryGameTheoryFirstpublishedMonJan14,2002;substantiverevisionSunJul19,2009Evolutionarygamet

2、heoryoriginatedasanapplicationofthemathematicaltheoryofgamestobiologicalcontexts,arisingfromtherealizationthatfrequencydependentfitnessintroducesastrategicaspecttoevolution.Recently,however,evolutionarygametheoryhasbecomeofincreasedinteresttoeconomists,sociologists,andanth

3、ropologists--andsocialscientistsingeneral--aswellasphilosophers.Theinterestamongsocialscientistsinatheorywithexplicitbiologicalrootsderivesfromthreefacts.First,the‘evolution’treatedbyevolutionarygametheoryneednotbebiologicalevolution.‘Evolution’may,inthiscontext,oftenbeund

4、erstoodasculturalevolution,wherethisreferstochangesinbeliefsandnormsovertime.Second,therationalityassumptionsunderlyingevolutionarygametheoryare,inmanycases,moreappropriateforthemodellingofsocialsystemsthanthoseassumptionsunderlyingthetraditionaltheoryofgames.Third,evoluti

5、onarygametheory,asanexplicitlydynamictheory,providesanimportantelementmissingfromthetraditionaltheory.IntheprefacetoEvolutionandtheTheoryofGames,MaynardSmithnotesthat“[p]aradoxically,ithasturnedoutthatgametheoryismorereadilyappliedtobiologythantothefieldofeconomicbehaviour

6、forwhichitwasoriginallydesigned.”Itisperhapsdoublyparadoxical,then,thatthesubsequentdevelopmentofevolutionarygametheoryhasproducedatheorywhichholdsgreatpromiseforsocialscientists,andisasreadilyappliedtothefieldofeconomicbehaviourasthatforwhichitwasoriginallydesigned.1.Hist

7、oricalDevelopment2.TwoApproachestoEvolutionaryGameTheory2.1Definitionsofevolutionarystability2.2Specifyingdynamicsforthepopulation3.WhyEvolutionaryGameTheory?3.1Theequilibriumselectionproblem3.2Theproblemofhyperrationalagents3.3Thelackofadynamicaltheoryinthetraditionaltheo

8、ryofgames4.ApplicationsofEvolutionaryGameTheory4.1Asenseoffairness4.2Theemergenceoflangua