quanta, matter and change a molecular approach to physical chemistry

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1、ThispageintentionallyleftblankQuanta,Matter,andChangeAmolecularapproachtophysicalchemistryLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2005936591Quanta,Matter,andChange:Amolecularapproachtophysicalchemistry©2009byPeterAtkins,JuliodePaula,andRonaldFriedmanAllrightsreservedISBN:0-7167-6117-

2、3PublishedintheUnitedStatesandCanadabyW.H.FreemanandCompanyThiseditionhasbeenauthorizedbyOxfordUniversityPressforsaleintheUnitedStatesandCanadaonlyandnotforexporttherefrom.Firstprinting2009TypesetbyGraphicraftLtd,HongKongPrintedandboundinChinabyC&COffsetPrintingCo.LtdW.H.Fre

3、emanandCompany41MadisonAvenueNewYork,NY10010www.whfreeman.comQuanta,Matter,andChangeAmolecularapproachtophysicalchemistryPeterAtkinsProfessorofChemistry,UniversityofOxford,andFellowofLincolnCollege,OxfordJuliodePaulaProfessorandDeanoftheCollegeofArtsandSciences,LewisandClark

4、College,Portland,OregonRonaldFriedmanProfessorandChairofChemistry,IndianaUniversityPurdueUniversityFortWayne,FortWayne,IndianaW.H.FreemanandCompanyNewYorkCopyright2010CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart.Duetoelectronicrights,

5、somethirdpartycontentmaybesuppressedfromtheeBookand/oreChapter(s).Editorialreviewhasdeemedthatanysuppressedcontentdoesnotmateriallyaffecttheoveralllearningexperience.CengageLearningreservestherighttoremoveadditionalcontentatanytimeifsubsequentrightsrestrictionsrequireit.Abou

6、tthebookOurPhysicalChemistryhasalwaysstartedwiththermodynamics,progressedontoquantummechanics,andthenbroughtthesetwogreatriverstogetherbyconsideringstatisticalthermodynamics.Wealwaystookcaretoenrichthethermodynamicswithmolecularunderstanding,andwrotethetextsothatitcouldbeuse

7、dflexiblytosuitthepedagogicalinclinationsofitsusers.Therearemany,though,whoconsideritmoreappropriatetobuildanunderstandingofthesubjectfromafirmfoundationofquantumtheoryandthentoshowhowtheconceptsofthermodynamicsemergeasthemicroscopicevolvesintothemacroscopic.Thistextisdirected

8、atthem.WehavetakentheclothofPhysicalChemistry,unravelledit,andwovenanewclot