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1、AFIRSTCOURSEINPROBABILITYThispageintentionallyleftblankAFIRSTCOURSEINPROBABILITYEighthEditionSheldonRossUniversityofSouthernCaliforniaUpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataRoss,SheldonM.Afirstcourseinprobability/SheldonRoss.—8the
2、d.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN-13:978-0-13-603313-4ISBN-10:0-13-603313-X1.Probabilities—Textbooks.I.Title.QA273.R832010519.2—dc222008033720EditorinChief,MathematicsandStatistics:DeirdreLynchSeniorProjectEditor:RachelS.ReeveAssistantEditor:Chris
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5、7458Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproduced,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.PearsonPrenticeHall™isatrademarkofPearsonEducation,Inc.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica10987654321ISBN-13:978-0-13-603313-4ISBN-10:0-13-603313-XPea
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7、tdPearsonEducationUpperSaddleRiver,NewJerseyForRebeccaThispageintentionallyleftblankContentsPrefacexi1CombinatorialAnalysis11.1Introduction.................................11.2TheBasicPrincipleofCounting......................11.3Permutations..........................
8、.......31.4Combinations................................51.5MultinomialCoefficients..........................91.6TheNumberofIntegerSo