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1、StatisticalPhysicsDaijiroYoshiokaStatisticalPhysicsAnIntroductionWith71Figuresand7Tables123ProfessorDaijiroYoshiokaDepartmentofBasicScienceTheUniversityofTokyo3-8-1Komaba,MeguroTokyo,153-8902Japane-mail:daijiro@toki.c.u-tokyo.ac.jpISBN-103-540-28605-5SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkISBN-13978
2、-3-540-28605-9SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2006923850Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicro
3、filmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.DuplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.Spr
4、ingerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMediaspringer.com©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2007Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandther
5、eforefreeforgeneraluse.ProductionandTypesetting:LE-TEXJelonek,Schmidt&VöcklerGbR,LeipzigCoverdesign:WMXDesignGmbH,HeidelbergSPIN1096382157/3100YL-543210Printedonacid-freepaperPreface“Moreisdifferent”isafamousaphorismofP.W.Anderson,whocontributedratheralottothedevelopmentofcondensed-matterphys
6、icsinthelatterhalfofthe20thcentury.Heclaimed,bythisaphorism,thatmacroscopicsys-temsbehaveinawaythatisqualitativelydifferentfrommicroscopicsystems.Therefore,additionalrulesareneededtounderstandmacroscopicsystems,rulesadditionaltothefundamentallawsforindividualatomsandmolecules.Anexampleisprovi
7、dedbythevariouskindsofphasetransitionsthatoccur.Thestateofasampleofmatterchangesdrasticallyatatransition,andsin-gularbehaviorisobservedatthetransitionpoint.Anothergoodexampleinwhichquantitybringsaboutaqualitativedifferenceisthebrain.Abraincon-sistso
