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1、INTRODUCTIONTONANOSCIENCEThispageintentionallyleftblankIntroductiontoNanoscienceS.M.LINDSAYArizonaStateUniversity13GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DPOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducationbypublishi
2、ngworldwideinOxfordNewYorkAucklandCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiNewDelhiShanghaiTaipeiTorontoWithofficesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechRepublicFranceGreeceGuatemalaHungaryItalyJapanPolandPortugalSingaporeSouthKoreaSwitzerlandThailandTurkeyUkraineVi
3、etnamOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesPublishedintheUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork©S.M.Lindsay2010ThemoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenassertedDatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)FirstPublished2010Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisp
4、ublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheabove
5、shouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcoverandyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirerBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataDataavailableLibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationDataDataavailableTypesetbyNewgenI
6、magingSystems(P)Ltd.,Chennai,IndiaPrintedinGreatBritainonacid-freepaperbyCPIAntonyRowe,Chippenham,WiltshireISBN:978–019–954420–2(Hbk)ISBN:978–019–954421–9(Pbk)10987654321PrefaceNanoscienceisnotphysics,chemistry,engineering,orbiology.Itisallofthem,andthefirstmotivationforthistextistopresentanintegr
7、ateddescription.Asecondmotivationforthisbooklieswiththecomplexityofnanostructures,anissuethatisnotwidelyaddressed.RichardFeynmandescribedtheremarkableconsequencesofscaleandquantumeffectsinhisvisionaryessay“There’sPlent
