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1、ECOLEDEPHYSIQUEDESHOUCHES-UJF&INPG-GRENOBLEaNATOAdvancedStudyInstituteLESHOUCHESSESSIONLXXII27July-27August1999CoherentatomicmatterwavesOndesdemati&recohCrentesEditedbyR.KAISER,C.WESTBROOKandF.DAVIDSpringerLesUlis,Paris,CambridgeBerlin,Heidelbwg,NewYork,Barcelona,HongKong,Lond
2、onMilan,Paris,Singapore,TokyoPublishedincooperationwiththeNATOScientificAffairDivisionPrefaceProgressinatomicphysicshasbeensovigorousduringthepastdecadethatoneishardpressedtofollowallthenewdevelopments.Intheearly1990sthefirstatominterferometersopenedanewfieldinwhichwehavebeena
3、bletousethewavenatureofatomstoprobefundamentalquantumme-chanicsquestionsaswellastomakeprecisionmeasurements.ComingfastontheheelsofthisdevelopmentwasthedemonstrationofBose-Einsteincondensationindiluteatomicvaporswhichintensifiedresearchinterestinstudyingthewavenatureofmatter,es
4、peciallyinadomaininwhich"macro-scopic"quantumeffects(vortices,stimulatedscatteringofatomicbeams)arevisible.Atthesametimetherehasbeenmuchprogressinourunderstandingofthebehaviorofwaves(notablyelectromagnetic)incomplexmedia,bothperiodicanddisordered.Anobvioustopicofspeculationand
5、probablyoffutureresearchiswhetheranynewinsightorapplicationswilldevelopifoneexaminesthebehaviorofdeBrogliewavesinanalogoussituations.Finally,ourabilitytomanipulateatomshasallowedusnotonlytocreatemacroscopicallyoccupiedquantumstatesbutalsotoexercisefinecontroloverthequantumstat
6、esofasmallnumberofatoms.Thishasadvancedtothestudyofquantumentanglementanditsrelationtothetheoryofmeasurementandthetheoryofinformation.The1990shavealsoseenanexplosionofinterestinanexcitingpotentialapplicationofthisfinecontrol:quantumcomputationandquantumcryptography.Despitethis
7、bewilderingvarietyofphenomena,wescientistsmustcontinuallymakeattemptstosynthesizeandexplainourprogressbothtoourstudents,theresearchersoftomorrow,andtothegeneralpublic.Thus,thepurposeofthisschoolwastobringtogethersomeoftheparticipantsinthetrendsmentionedaboveandaskthemtogivesyn
8、theticandpedagogicallecturesonthesetopicsinthehopeofsettingth
