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1、DiscourseandTruth:TheProblematizationofParrhesia.(sixlecturesgivenbyMichelFoucaultatBerkeley,Oct-Nov.1983)THEMEANINGOFTHEWORD"PARRHESIA"1.ParrhesiaandFrankness2.ParrhesiaandTruth3.ParrhesiaandDanger4.ParrhesiaandCriticism5.ParrhesiaandDutyTHEEVOLUTIO
2、NOFTHEWORD“PARRHESIA”1.ParrhesiaandRhetoric2.ParrhesiaandPolitics3.ParrhesiaandPhilosophyPARRHESIAINTHETRAGEDIESOFEURIPIDES1.PhoenicianWomen2.Hippolytus3.TheBacchae4.Electra5.Ion6.Orestes7.ProblematizationofparrhesiaPARRHESIAANDTHECRISISOFDEMOCRATICI
3、NSTITUTIONSPRACTICESOFPARRHESIA1.SocraticParrhesia2.ParrhesiaandCommunityLife3.ParrhesiaandPublicLife4.ParrhesiaandPersonalRelationshipsTECHNIQUESOFTHEPARRHESIASTICGAMES1.Seneca&eveningexamination2.Serenus&generalself-scrutiny3.Epictetus&controlofrep
4、resentations4.ConclusionCONCLUDINGREMARKSFoucault.info1/66TheMeaningoftheWord"Parrhesia"Theword"parrhesia"[παρρησία]appearsforthefirsttimeinGreekliteratureinEuripides[c.484-407BC],andoccursthroughouttheancientGreekworldoflettersfromtheendoftheFifthCe
5、nturyBC.ButitcanalsostillbefoundinthepatristictextswrittenattheendoftheFourthandduringtheFifthCenturyAD-dozensoftimes,forinstance,inJeanChrisostome[AD345-407].Therearethreeformsoftheword:thenominalform"parrhesia";theverbform"parrhesiazomai"[παρρησιάζ
6、οµαι];andthereisalsotheword"parrhesiastes"[παρρησιαστής]--whichisnotveryfrequentandcannotbefoundintheClassicaltexts.Rather,youfinditonlyintheGreco-Romanperiod-inPlutarchandLucian,forexample.InadialogueofLucian,"TheDeadCometoLife,orTheFisherman",oneof
7、thecharactersalsohasthename"Parrhesiades"."[Παρρησιαδής]"Parrhesia"isordinarilytranslatedintoEnglishby"freespeech"(inFrenchby"franc-parler",andinGermanby"Freimüthigkeit")."Parrhesiazomai"or“parrhesiazesthai”istouseparrhesia,andtheparrhesiastesistheon
8、ewhousesparrhesia,i.e.,istheonewhospeaksthetruth.Inthefirstpartoftoday'sseminar,Iwouldliketogiveageneralaperçuaboutthemeaningoftheword"parrhesia",andtheevolutionofthismeaningthroughGreekandRomanculture.1.ParrhesiaandFranknessTobeginwith,whatisthegene
