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1、THEOXFORDHISTORYOFMODERNWARtheeditorCHARLESTOWNSHENDisProfessorofInternationalHistory,KeeleUniversity.THEOXFORDHISTORYOFMODERNWAReditedbyCHARLESTOWNSHEND13GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dpOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity’s
2、objectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducationbypublishingworldwideinOxfordNewYorkAthensAucklandBangkokBogotáBuenosAiresCalcuttaCapeTownChennaiDaresSalaamDelhiFlorenceHongKongIstanbulKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityMumbaiNairobiParisSãoPauloSingapore
3、TaipeiTokyoTorontoWarsawwithassociatedcompaniesinBerlinIbadanOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesPublishedintheUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork©OxfordUniversityPress2000Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenassert
4、edDatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(makers)Thetextofthisvolumefirstpublished1997inTheOxfordIllustratedHistoryofModernWarFirstissuedasTheOxfordHistoryofModernWar2000Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformo
5、rbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographicsrightsorganization.EnquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversit
6、yPress,attheaddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcoverandyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirorBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataDataavailableLibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationDataDataavailableISBN0–19–285373–213579108642TypesetbyC
7、ambrianTypesetters,Frimley,SurreyPrintedinGreatBritainbyCox&WymanLtd.Reading,BerkshirePREFACETheaimofthisbookistoprovideahistorynotmerelyofmodernwarfarebutofmodernwarasawhole.Itisanattempttogobeyondmilitaryhistory.Violentconflictisasoldashumanity,butmodernwarisdifferent.
8、SomewherebetweenthesixteenthandeighteenthcenturiesanhistoricchangetookplaceinthemilitarypowerofEuropean