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1、新托福阅读真题精选5篇ArtisansandIndustrialization(OGPracticeSet5)Before1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesorshopsbyskilledartisans.Asmastercraftworkers,theyimpartedtheknowledgeoftheirtradestoapprenticesandjourneymen.Inaddition,womenoftenworkedintheir
2、homespart-time,makingfinishedarticlesfromrawmaterialsuppliedbymerchantcapitalists.After1815thisolderformofmanufacturingbegantogivewaytofactorieswithmachinerytendedbyunskilledorsemiskilledlaborers.Cheaptransportationnetworks,theriseofcities,andtheavailabilit
3、yofcapitalandcreditallstimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction.Thecreationofalaborforcethatwasaccustomedtoworkinginfactoriesdidnotoccureasily.Beforetheriseofthefactory,artisanshadworkedwithinthehome.Apprenticeswereconsideredpartofthefamily,andmasterswererespon
4、siblenotonlyforteachingtheirapprenticesatradebutalsoforprovidingthemsomeeducationandforsupervisingtheirmoralbehavior.Journeymenknewthatiftheyperfectedtheirskill,theycouldbecomerespectedmasterartisanswiththeirownshops.Also,skilledartisansdidnotworkbytheclock
5、,atasteadypace,butratherinburstsofintenselaboralternatingwithmoreleisurelytime.Thefactorychangedthat.Goodsproducedbyfactorieswerenotasfinishedorelegantasthosedonebyhand,andprideincraftsmanshipgavewaytothepressuretoincreaseratesofproductivity.Thenewmethodsof
6、doingbusinessinvolvedanewandstrictersenseoftime.Factorylifenecessitatedamoreregimentedschedule,whereworkbeganatthesoundofabellandworkerskeptmachinesgoingataconstantpace.Atthesametime,workerswererequiredtodiscardoldhabits,forindustrialismdemandedaworkerwhowa
7、salert,dependable,andself-disciplined.Absenteeismandlatenesshurtproductivityand,sinceworkwasspecialized,disruptedtheregularfactoryroutine.Industrializationnotonlyproducedafundamentalchangeinthewayworkwasorganized;ittransformedtheverynatureofwork.Thefirstgen
8、erationtoexperiencethesechangesdidnotadoptthenewattitudeseasily.Thefactoryclockbecamethesymbolofthenewworkrules.Onemillworkerwhofinallyquitcomplainedrevealinglyabout"obediencetotheding-dongofthebell-ju