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1、STRINGTHEORYANDM-THEORYAModernIntroductionKATRINBECKER,TexasA&MUniversityMELANIEBECKER,TexasA&MUniversityandJOHNH.SCHWARZCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologycambridgeuniversitypressCambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,SãoPauloCambridgeUniversityPressT
2、heEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb22ru,UKPublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYorkwww.cambridge.orgInformationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521860697©K.Becker,M.BeckerandJ.H.Schwarz2007Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryex
3、ceptionandtotheprovisionofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.Firstpublishedinprintformat2006isbn-13978-0-511-25653-0eBook(EBL)isbn-100-511-25653-1eBook(EBL)isbn-13978-0-52
4、1-86069-7hardbackisbn-100-521-86069-5hardbackCambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofurlsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateora
5、ppropriate.vToourparentsviAnOdetotheUnityofTimeandSpaceTime,ah,time,howyougoolikethis!Physicalthings,ah,things,soabundantyouare!TheRuo'swatersarethreethousand,howcantheynothavethesamesource?Timeandspaceareonebody,mindandthingssustaineachother.Time,otime,doesnott
6、imecomeagain?Heaven,oheaven,howmanyaretheappearancesofheaven!Fromancientdaysconstantlyshiftingon,blackholes
aringup.Timeandspaceareonebody,isitwithoutend?Greatindeedistheriddleoftheuniverse.Beautifulindeedisthesourceoftruth.Toquantizespaceandtimethesmartestarenot
7、hing.TomeasuretheGreatUniversewithalongthintubethelearningisvast.Shing-TungYauContentsPrefacepagexi1Introduction11.1Historicalorigins21.2Generalfeatures31.3Basicstringtheory61.4Moderndevelopmentsinsuperstringtheory92Thebosonicstring172.1p-braneactions172.2Thestri
8、ngaction242.3Stringsigma-modelaction:theclassicaltheory302.4Canonicalquantization362.5Light-conegaugequantization483Conformaleldtheoryandstringinteractions583