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1、Publishedin2011byBritannicaEducationalPublishing(atrademarkofEncyclopædiaBritannica,Inc.)inassociationwithRosenEducationalServices,LLC29East21stStreet,NewYork,NY10010.Copyright©2011EncyclopædiaBritannica,Inc.Britannica,EncyclopædiaBritannica,andtheThistlelogoareregisteredtrademarksofEncyclopædi
2、aBritannica,Inc.Allrightsreserved.RosenEducationalServicesmaterialscopyright©2011RosenEducationalServices,LLC.Allrightsreserved.DistributedexclusivelybyRosenEducationalServices.ForalistingofadditionalBritannicaEducationalPublishingtitles,calltollfree(800)237-9932.FirstEditionBritannicaEducation
3、alPublishingMichaelI.Levy:ExecutiveEditorJ.E.Luebering:SeniorManagerMarilynL.Barton:SeniorCoordinator,ProductionControlStevenBosco:Director,EditorialTechnologiesLisaS.Braucher:SeniorProducerandDataEditorYvetteCharboneau:SeniorCopyEditorKathyNakamura:Manager,MediaAcquisitionErikGregersen:Associa
4、teEditor,AstronomyandSpaceExplorationRosenEducationalServicesHeatherM.MooreNiver:EditorNelsonSá:ArtDirectorCindyReiman:PhotographyManagerMatthewCauli:Designer,CoverDesignIntroductionbyJohnStrazzaboscoLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataTheBritannicaguidetostatisticsandprobability/edit
5、edbyErikGregersen.—1sted.p.cm.—(Mathexplained)“InassociationwithBritannicaEducationalPublishing,RosenEducationalServices.”Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN978-1-61530-228-4(eBook)1.Probabilities—Popularworks.2.Mathematicalstatistics—Popularworks.I.Gregersen,Erik.QA273.15.B752011519
6、.2—dc222010002546Cover©www.istockphoto.com/DuncanWalker;pp.12,20,21,48,115,154,197,244,291,321,324,326Shutterstock.com.ContentsIntroduction12Chapter1:HistoryofStatisticsandProbability21EarlyProbability21GamesofChance21Risks,Expectations,andFairContracts2429ProbabilityastheLogicofUncertainty26Th
7、eProbabilityofCauses30TheRiseofStatistics33PoliticalArithmetic33SocialNumbers34ANewKindofRegularity37StatisticalPhysics38TheSpreadofStatisticalMathematics39StatisticalTheoriesintheSciences41Biometry42SamplesandExperiments45TheMode
