高二英语暑假专题 定语从句知识精讲 外研社

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高二英语暑假专题定语从句知识精讲外研社一.本周教学内容：暑假专题：定语从句二.教学目标：复习高二内容，本期着重高考重点难点语法知识的回顾。如何掌握好定语从句定语从句是中学英语教学中的一个重点，也是一个难点。所谓定语从句，就是一种由关系词引导的从句形式的后置修饰语，用来修饰被限定的词——先行词。引导定语从句的关系词包括关系代词和关系副词，其作用是代替先行词，引导定语从句，同时在定语从句中充当某一句子成分。常用的关系代词有who／whom（指人），whose（指人或物），which（指物），that（指人或物），as（指人或物）；关系副词有when（指时间），where（指地点），why（指原因）。要掌握好定语从句，首先要掌握好定语从句的词序和关系代词的选择。I.定语从句的词序根据关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中所充当的不同成分，定语从句的词序有以下几种：一、关系代词引导的定语从句有以下七种常见词序。1.关系代词＋谓语关系代词作定语从句的主语。关系代词主要有who，that，which，as。如：（1）Aqiaotoldherfatherallthathadhappened.（2）Onthegroundlayanoldsickgoat，whichhadgoneintothecavetodie.（3）Peoplewhocanseesometimesactjustasfoolishly.（4）Hemarriedher，aswasnatural.（5）Hedoesnothavesuchamindasisnecessarytoascientist.2.关系代词＋名词＋谓语关系代词作定语从句的主语的定语。常用的关系代词是whose，有时也用which。如：（1）WeiFangisthestudentwhosehomecaughtfirelastnight.（2）Engels，whosenativelanguagewasGerman，couldreadandwriteinseveralforeignlanguages.（3）Thehousewhoseroofwasbrokenhasnowbeenrepaired.这种词序的定语从句，如果whose指具体事物或抽象概念时，可用ofwhich代替，但不如whose普通，ofwhich可置于其所修饰的名词前或后。如：Thatisabook，（whosecover/thecoverofwhichisblue./ofwhichthecover）3.关系代词＋主语＋谓语关系代词作定语从句的宾语或表语。若为限制性定语从句，作宾语或表语的关系代词在非正式文体中省略。常用的关系代词有who（m），that，which，as。如：（1）Payattentiontoeverything（that）Ido.（2）Thisisthebook（which）heislookingfor.（3）Hismother,whomheloveddearly,diedin1818.（4）Heisn’ttheman（that）heusedtobe. （5）Thiselephantislikeasnake，asanybodycansee.4.关系代词＋名词＋主语＋谓语关系代词作定语从句的宾语的定语。常用的关系代词是whose，有时也用which。如：（1）That’stheboywhosedrawingwewerelookingatjustnow.（2）TherearesomestudentswhosequestionsIcan’tanswer.（3）Thebookwhosecovermybrothertoreoffisnotmine.（4）Itoldhimtoseethedoctor，whichadvicehetook.如果whose指具体事物或抽象概念时，可用ofwhich代替，但不如whose普通。ofwhich可置于其所修饰的名词前或后。如：Infrontofthevillagethereisariverwhosename／thenameofwhich／ofwhichthenameIhaveforgotten.5.介词＋关系代词＋主语＋谓语关系代词作定语从句中的介词宾语，介词可以是简单介词，也可以是复杂介词。关系代词有which，whom。如：（1）Hebuiltatelescopethroughwhichhecouldstudytheskies.（2）Thesewormsthenweavesilkcocoonsaroundthemselves，insidewhichtheychangefromthatwormstoants.（3）WuDong，withwhomIwenttotheconcert，enjoyeditverymuch.（4）ThepersontowhomIspokejustnowisourschoolmaster.（5）Heworksinthemiddleschool，infrontofwhichthereisariver.这种词序的定语从句有时也采用倒装语序，即将主语置于从句的谓语动词之后，形成“介词＋关系词＋谓语＋主语”，其目的是为了句子平衡或强调。如：（1）Theyarrivedatafarmhouse，infrontofwhichsatasmallboy.（2）Forthatdaythemasterhadpreparedsomecardsonwhichwerewritten，“Alsace，France.Alsace，France.”6.介词＋关系代词＋名词＋主语＋谓语关系代词作定语从句中介词宾语的定语。关系代词有which，whose。如：（1）Hismothermaycome，inwhichcaseI’llaskher.（2）Itrainedallnightandallday，duringwhichtimeawallofhishousefelldown.（3）WhereistheboyinwhosebagIputmybookbymistake？（4）Thisisthestudenttowhosefatheryoutookthemessageyesterday.7.（a）代词或数词＋of＋关系代词＋谓语（b）代词或数词＋of＋关系代词＋主语＋谓语代词或数词与关系代词之间表达部分与整体的关系，“代词或数词＋of＋关系代词”在（a）词序中作定语从句的主语，在（b）词序中作定语从句的宾语。关系代词有which，whom，一般为非限制性定语从句。如：（a）①Herearesomeletters，oneofwhichisLiMing’s.②Shehadthreesons，twoofwhomdiedinthewar.（b）①Italkedwiththeboys，someofwhomyouknowverywell.②Hegavemefivenovels，threeofwhichIthinkyouhaveneverread.二、关系副词引导的定语从句的词序为：关系副词＋主语＋谓语。关系副词在定语从句中作状语。关系副词主要有when，why，where，通常可用“ 介词＋关系代词which”代替。如：（1）Istillrememberthedaywhen（＝onwhich）IfirstcametoBeijing.（2）GalileolivedinthecityofPisa，where（＝inwhich）thereisaleaningtowerabout180feethigh.（3）Idon’tknowthereasonwhy（＝forwhich）Tomwasabsent.（4）Theshopwhere（＝atwhich）Iboughtthepianoisn’tfarfromhere.（5）Thetimewhen（＝atwhich）theyhadtoleavefinallyarrived.II.关系代词的选择关系代词的选择，主要是指who和that，that和which，as和which这三对关系代词的选择。一、关系代词who和that的选择关系代词who和that都可以指人，有时使用场合有区别。（一）关系代词who的使用场合1.who可以代表人、人格化了的动物、神话故事中的人物或有生命的事物。如：（1）Thedogwhoisbarkingisourpet.（2）Thosewhowanttogopleasesigntheirnameshere.2.在从句中，作主语倾向于用who。如：（1）Thegirlwhodancesbeautifullygaveusaperformancethatday.（2）Doyouknowthecomradewhospokejustnow？3.当先行词泛指代词he，they或指示代词those等时，常用who。如：（1）Hewhodoesnoworkgetsnopay.（2）Wearebadlyinneedofthosewhocanworkinrealearnest.4.先行词前出现不定冠词时，多用who。如：（1）Ihavefoundamanwhocandothiswork.（2）Heisamanwhoshouldlearnfromothers.5.在therebe句型中，既作主语又表示人时多用who，或省略。如：（1）Thereissomeoneoutsidetheofficewhowantstoseeyou.（2）There’samanwholivesinthatvillage.6.不定代词one，ones，anyone等作先行词时，多用who。如：Onewhoworkswithoutcomplainiswelcomehere.7.定语从句和先行词分隔，用that可能引起歧义时，应用who。如：Isawamaninthestreetwhowassurroundedbymanypeople.这个句子如用that，就可能被人认为是定语从句修饰street。8.在非限制性定语从句中，一般要用who，不用that。如：Thesoldiers，whomayhavefeltsorryfortheboy，hadhimstandwithhisbacktohisfather.9.有两个定语从句出现在一个句子中，第一个关系代词用that的话，第二个就用who。如：ThemanthatIlikeistheonewhoisbothcompetentanddiligent.但在平行结构中，应根据平行结构的原则重复同一个关系代词。如：ImetaGreekwhotraveledalotintheworld，butwhoknewverylittleabouthisowncountry.注意：关系代词前如有介词或在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词要用whom。如： （1）Inthedarkstreet，therewasn’tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.（2）Thebraveman，whomthetigerwasshotby，isagoodhunter.（二）关系代词that的使用场合1.在以疑问词who开头的句子中，避免两个who重复，用that。如：Whoisthemanthatisshoutingthere？2.关系代词在从句中作表语时，多用that。如：Sheisnotthegirlthatshewasthreeyearsago.3.先行词被形容词最高级、only等修饰时，应用that。如：TangGuoqianghasbecomeoneofthebestactorsthatappearonChinesescreens.4.先行词人和物两者都有时，要用that。如：Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.5.关系代词与thesame（指同一人）连用时，只能用that。如：ThisisthesamepersonthatImetyesterday.6.一个句子中有两个定语从句时，如第一个从句中已用who，第二个从句中宜用that。如：Themanwhoisattableishisbrotherthathasbeenservinginthearmy.二、关系代词that和which的选择关系代词that和which都可以指物，在很多场合两者都通用。但有时that和which的使用场合并不相同。（一）关系代词which的使用场合1.如果先行词是that，关系代词应用which。如：Whatwasthatwhichyousaidabouthim？2.先行词和定语从句之间被其它较长的成分分隔，用which较好。如：Ihavesomeinterestsoutsidemyprofessionalworkwhichgivesmegreatpleasure.3.一个句子中如有两个定语从句，第一个定语从句用了关系代词that，第二个从句宜用which。如：Thisisthebookthatyouboughtwhichyouhavelost.但在平行结构中，应重复同一个关系代词。如：Ihaveahousewhichislocatedonthehillside，whichfacesthesouth.4.非限制性定语从句中关系代词一般要用which。如：Iwillbuyabook，whichtellsabouttheuseofEnglishidioms.5.相当于并列句和状语从句的定语从句，用which引导。如：（1）Wewenttothenearestportwhichwereachedsafely.（2）Hepersistedinhavingabicyclewhichheactuallyhadnousefor.6.关系代词前如有介词，关系代词要用which。如：Theyhadameetingatwhichhespokeonthecurrenteconomicsituation.如把介词移至句末，可用that（或省略）。如：Thisisthebook（that）shewaslookingfor. （二）关系代词that的使用场合1.一般来说，先行词是all，anything，everything，nothing，much，little，few等，关系代词应用that。如：（1）That’sall（that）Iknow.（2）Everythingthatcanbedoneisdone.2.先行词之前有all，any，every，no，little，much，only，very等修饰时，关系代词应用that。如：（1）He’llreadallthebooksthataresoldhere.（2）Askanyquestions（that）youdon’tunderstand.3.先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，关系代词应用that。如：（1）ThisisthemostwonderfulfilmthatIhaveeverseen.（2）Thefirstthingthatyoushoulddoistoworkoutaplan.4.当先行词是tobe的表语，或关系代词本身是从句的表语时，关系代词应用that。如：（1）It’sasongthatisverypopular.（2）Myhometownisnolongertheplacethatitusedtobe.5.当主句以Therebe开头时，关系代词应用that。如：Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.6.当一个句子中含有两个定语从句时，如前一个已用关系代词which，后一个关系代词宜用that。如：I’llborrowabookwhichtellsabouttheheroicdeedsthatthePLAdidinthebattlesagainsttheinvaders.但两个定语从句的结构如果平行，一个定语从句中用关系代词that，另一个定语从句也应重复that。如：Hetoldmetoreadabookthatisveryshort，andthatisveryinteresting.7.与thesame（指同一物）连用，构成thesame…that…结构时，关系代词只能用that。如：Thisisthesamemuseumthatyouoncevisited.注意：thesame…that…结构中的that不能用as代替，因为thesame…as…与thesame…that…的含义不同。三、关系代词as和which的选择关系代词as和which的选择是指它们引导非限制性定语从句的区别。尽管都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，代表整个主句的意思，但两者在用法上是有区别的。as引导的非限制性定语从句常用来表示说话人关于某事的依据、态度、解释或评论等，含有“正如……”的意思。as从句放在主句的前面、中间或句末都可以。如：Sheisworkinghard，aseveryonecansee.或：Aseveryonecansee，sheisworkinghard.which引导的非限制性定语从句，一般表示某事的状况或结果，只能放在主句的后面。如：Shemarriedhim,whichwasnatural.但不能说：Whichwasnatural,shemarriedhim.单项选择：1.---_______leaveattheendofthismonth.---Idon’tthinkyoushoulddothatuntil____anotherjob. A.I’mgoingto;you’dfoundB.I’mgoingto;you’vefoundC.I’ll;you’llfindD.I’ll;you’dfind2.Theroom______whitelastyearismystudy.A.tobepaintedB.beingpaintedC.paintedD.havingbeenpainted3.Whenweheardthegunfire,weallstoodstillandshookwith_______.A.fearB.afearC.fearsD.thefear4.Theirplanwas____.Withitwehadlittletroubleinfinishingthework.A.successB.succeedC.asuccessD.asuccessful5.I’vewonaholidayfortwodaystoFlorida.I_____mymum.A.amtakingB.havetakenC.takeD.willhavetaken6.Thoughheisill,hehasnotquit_____.A.smokeB.tosmokeC.smokedD.smoking7.Ifyoudon’tgo,_____.A.SodoIB.SowillIC.nordoID.norwillI8.Helefthishometown,_____nevertocomebackagain.A.wasdeterminedB.beingdeterminedC.determinedD.anddetermined9.Hetoldusthatthedeskwanted______.A.repairB.torepairC.repairingD.repaired10._____fromhisaccent,hemustbefromBritain.A.JudgedB.TojudgeC.BeingjudgedD.Judging11.Mymobilephonehasbroken.Imust_______.A.getdowntorepairitB.haveitrepairC.getdowntorepairingitD.haveittoberepaired12._______itistogoforacamponsuchafineday!A.WhatafunB.WhatfunC.HowfunnyD.Howafun13.Excuse_____you,butIhaveanimportantmessageforyou.A.metointerruptB.formybeinginterruptedC.myinterruptingD.meofinterrupting14.---Whyhasn’tJennyturnedup?---Oh!Shecalledmejustnowandsaidthatshewas_____theway.A.byB.inC.atD.on15.Alargesumofmoneyhasbeenraisedforthe____ofthepoorlyeducatedchildreninthemountainousdistricts.A.profitB.favorC.advantageD.benefit完形填空：OneafternoonIwassittingatmyfavoritetableinarestaurant,waitingforthefoodIhadorderedtoarrive.SuddenlyI16thatamansittingatatablenearthewindowkeptglancing(瞥视)inmydirection,17heknewme.Themanhadanewspaper18infrontofhim,19hewas pretending(假装)toread,butIcould20thathewaskeepinganeyeonme.Whenthewaiterbroughtmy21themanwasclearlypuzzled(困惑)bythe22wayinwhichthewaiterandI23eachother.Heseemedevenmorepuzzledas24wentonanditbecame25thatallthewaitersintherestaurantknewme.Finallyhegotupandwentintothe26.Whenhecameout,hepaidhisbilland27withoutanotherglanceinmydirection.Icalledtheowneroftherestaurantandaskedwhatthemanhad28.“Well,”hesaid,“thatmanwasadetective(侦探).He29youherebecausehethoughtyouwerethemanhe30.”“What?”Isaid,showingmy31.Theownercontinued,“Hecameintothekitchenandshowedmeaphotoofthewantedman.I32sayhelookedverymuchlikeyou!Ofcourse,sinceweknowyou,wetoldhimthathehadmadea33.”“Well,it’sreally34thatIcametoa35whereI’mknown,”Isaid.“otherwise(否则),Imighthavebeenintrouble.”16.A.knewB.understoodC.noticedD.recognized17.A.sinceB.evenifC.thoughD.asif18.A.flatB.openC.cutD.fixed19.A.whyB.whatC.whichD.that20.A.seeB.findC.guessD.learn21.A.menuB.billC.paperD.food22.A.directB.familiarC.strangeD.funny23.A.chattedwithB.lookedatC.laughedatD.talkedabout24.A.thewaiterB.timeC.ID.thedinner25.A.trueB.hopefulC.clearD.possible26.A.restaurantB.washroomC.officeD.kitchen27.A.leftB.actedC.satdownD.calmeddown28.A.wantedB.triedC.orderedD.wished29.A.metB.caughtC.followedD.discovered30.A.wastobeatB.wasdealingwithC.wastomeetD.waslookingfor31.A.careB.surpriseC.worryD.regret32.A.mustB.canC.needD.may33.A.discoveryB.mistakeC.decisionD.fortune34.A.apityB.naturalC.achanceD.lucky35.A.postofficeB.cinemaC.restaurantD.bookshop阅读理解：AAyoungwomancarryingathree-year-oldchildgotonabus.Theconductorhurriedtogiveherawarmwelcomeandthenkindlyaskedtheotherpassengerstomakemoreroomforthewomanandherchild.Onseeingthis,peoplebegantotalk.“Youknowthisconductorusedtobeveryrude.Nowsuddenlyhehaschangedhisbadbehavior,”saidamiddle-agedman. “Yes,heshouldbepraisedandwemustwritealettertothecompany,”saidasecondpassenger.“That’sright,”anotherladysaid,“Iwishanewspaperreporterwereheresothatmorepeoplecouldlearnfromthisconductor.”Justthenagentlemanwholookedlikeateacherturnedtotheconductorandsaid,“Excuseme,butcanIknowyourname,please?Yourexcellentservicemustbepraised…”Beforehecouldopenhismouth,thethree-year-oldchildsittingontheyoungwoman’slapinterrupted,“Iknowhisname.IcallhimDad.”36.Onepassengersuggestedwritingalettertothecompanyto______.A.makeademandformorebusesB.thanktheconductorforhisgoodserviceC.criticizetheconductorforhisrudebehaviorD.inviteanewspaperreportertowriteabouttheconductor37.Whatwasthegentleman?A.Ateacher.B.Anewspaperreporter.C.Notknownfromthestory.D.Theconductor’sfriendfromhiscompany.38.Theword“him”inthelastparagraphrefersto_______.A.thegentlemanB.theconductorC.themiddle-agedmanD.thethree-year-oldchild39.Itisclearfromthestorythattheconductor_______.A.haschangedhisattitudetowardshisworkB.hasnowbeenkindandpolitetoallpassengersC.hasnotchangedhisrudebehaviortopassengersD.hasnowbeenkindandpolitetowomenwithchildrenBWillitmatterifyoudon’ttakeyourbreakfast?RecentlyatestwasgivenintheUnitedStates.Thosetestedincludedpeopleofdifferentages,from12to83.Duringtheexperiment,thesepeopleweregivenallkindsofbreakfasts,andsometimestheygotnobreakfastatall.Specialtestsweresetuptoseehowwelltheirbodiesworkedwhentheyhadeatenacertainkindofbreakfast.Theresultsshowthatifapersoneatsaproperbreakfast,heorshewillworkwithbettereffectthanifheorshehasnobreakfast.Thisfactappearstobeespeciallytrueifapersonworkswithhisbrains.Ifastudenteatsfruit,eggs,breadandmilkbeforegoingtoschool,hewilllearnmorequicklyandlistenwithmoreattentiontoclass.Oppositetowhatmanypeoplebelieve,ifyoudon’teatbreakfast,youwillnotloseweight.Thisisbecausepeoplebecomesohungryatnoonthattheyeattoomuchforlunch,andendupgainingweightinsteadoflosing.Youwillprobablylosemoreweightifyoureduceyourothermeals.40.Duringthetest,thosewhoweretestedweregiven________. A.nobreakfastatallB.veryrichbreakfastC.littlefoodforbreakfastD.differentbreakfastornone41.Theresultsofthetestshowthat________.A.breakfasthasgreateffectonworkandstudiesB.breakfasthaslittletodowithapersonsworkC.apersonwillworkbetterifhehasasimplebreakfastD.thoseworkingwithbrainsshouldhavemuchforbreakfast42.Thepassagementionsthatmanypeoplebelievethatifyoudon’teatbreakfast,youwill_________.A.loseweightB.notloseweightC.behealthierD.gainalotofweight43.Accordingtothepassage,ifastudentdoesnoteatbreakfast,___________.A.hewillfallillB.hewillfailtolistentohisteacherC.hewillnotmakeprogressinhisstudyD.hismindwillworkmoreslowly [参考答案]http://www.DearEDU.com单项选择1~5BCACA6~10DDCCD11~15CBCDD完形填空16~20CDBCA21~25DBABC26~30DAACD31~35BABDC阅读理解（A）36~39BCBC（B）40~43DABD