标准谬误具体模版课堂参考

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1、来源：《北美范文精讲》标准谬误具体模版课堂参考Ⅰ论证谬误1.FalseAnalogyandComparisonⅰFalseanalogy1.A可行推不出B可行Thearguerunfairlyassumesthat(whatistrueinA)wouldensurethesimilarresultinB.2.解释谬误:B与A为什么不同？3.纠正建议WithoutaccountingforpossibledifferencesbetweenAandB,thearguercannotconvincemethat…ⅱIncompletecomparisonandse

2、lectivecomparison1.Theincompletecomparisonthat…isamisleadingassertionthatcouldnotbetested.2.跟谁比？(irrelevantcomparison)比什么？(unnecessaryconclusion)3.Therefore,providingmerelytheincompleteinformationwithoutanall-aroundcomparisonshowingthesimilarities…,theauthorcannotconvincemeeffective

3、ly.ⅲConfusingcomparisonandvariation1.Thecomparison/changedoesnotnecessarily…fortworeasons.2.First,横向比较.Second，纵向比较.3.Thus,themerefactthat…lendsscantsupporttotherecommendation.2.HastygeneralizationⅰDifferentconcepts1.Athresholdprobleminvolvesthedefinitionof…Thespeakerfailstodefinethi

4、scriticalterm.2.定义不清3.Withoutacleardefinitionof…itisimpossibletoassesstheargument.ⅱDifferentscopes1.Thenationwidestudyshowingtrendsthat..doesnotnecessarilyapplyto...2.同falseanalogy?3.Thus,thenationwidetrendsthattheargumentcitesamounttoscantevidentthat…1.Thissinglesample…isinsufficie

5、nttodrawanygeneralconclusionabout…2.同falseanalogy?3.Withoutadditionalsamples…,Icannotaccepttheauthor’ssweepinggeneralizationabout…ⅲInferringafutureconditionfromapastcondition1….whichwereeffectiveinthepastwillalsobeeffectiveinthefuturerestsonpoorassumptionthatduring…allconditionsupon

6、whichtheireffectivenessdependhaveremainedunchanged.2.过去和现在的相关差异?来源：《北美范文精讲》3.Inotherwords,thelongerthetime..thelessreliabletheconclusion…1.Cause-EffectFallaciesⅰNoncausalrelationship1...theauthorcitesisnotnecessarilydueto…2.它因法3.Sincethearticlefailstoaccountforthisalternativeexplana

7、tionfor…,theauthorcannotconvinceme…ⅱConfusingthecauseandtheeffect1.Failtoruleoutthepossibilitythat“原因”merelydueto“结果”.2.“结果”→“原因”3.Ifso,howcantheauthorrelyonsuchaconfusiontoreasonablyconcludethat…?ⅲConfusingconcurrencewithcausalrelationship1…observesacorrelationbetween…and…,thenconc

8、ludesthattheformeri