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1、THEPOLITICSOFTRAVELISTOURISMJUSTCOLONIALISMINANOTHERGUISE?byDAVIDNICHOLSON-LORDTourismhasseriouslydamagedfragileecosystemsliketheAlps,thewinterskiingplaygroundofEurope,andthetrekkingareasoftheHimalayas.Worldwide,itposesaseriousthreattocoastalhabitatslikedunes,mangroveforestsandcoralreefs.Itfuels
2、aboomingandusuallyillegaltradeintheproductsofthreatenedwildlife,fromtortoiseshellandcoraltoivory.Its"consumers"inevitablybringtheirhabitsandexpectationswiththem--whetherit'shotshowersandflushtoiletsorwell-wateredgreensforgolfers.IntheHimalayas,showersfortrekkersoftenmeanfirewood,whichmeansdefore
3、station.InHawaiiandBarbados,itwasfoundthateachtouristusedbetweensixandtentimesasmuchwaterandelectricityasalocal.InGoavillagersforcedtowalktowellsfortheirwaterhadtowatchasapipelinetoanewluxuryhotelwasbuiltthroughtheirland.Overthepastdecadegolf,becauseofitsappetiteforland,waterandherbicides,haseme
4、rgedasoneofthebiggestculprits,somuchsothat"golfwars"havebrokenoutinpartsofSoutheastAsia;campaignersinJapan,oneofthechiefexponentsofgolftourism,havelaunchedanannualWorldNoGolfDay.Thisisnottosaytourismcan'tdosomegood--butthecost-benefitequationiscomplex.Historicmonuments,housesandgardensthriveonvi
5、sitors.Throughoutmuchoftheworld,butnotablyinsouthernandeasternAfrica,tourismunderpinsthesurvivalofwildlife.Whyelsewouldsmallfarmersputupwithelephantstramplingtheircrops?Whalewatchingisnowabiggerbusinessthanwhaling.IntheuplandsofRwanda,knowntomillionsthroughthefilmGorillasintheMist,themountaingor
6、illa'ssalvationliespartlyintheincomeandinterestgeneratedbytouristsvisitinginsmallgroups.InKenyaalion'sworthisestimatedat$7,000ayearintouristincome--foranelephantherdthefigureis$610,000.Andiflargeanimals,withlargeranges,areprotected,thensoaretheirhabitats--thenationalparks.Yetnoneofthesegainsareu
7、nqualified.Togettoseeyourwhalesandyourgorillas,forexample,youhavetotravel,bycar,coachorplane.Eachtimeyoudosoyou'reeffectivelysettingfiretoasmallreservoirofgasoline--andreleasingseveralroomfulsofcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere
