法律英语unit-5翻译

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1、1Ineverysociety，therearemechanismsforthedeclaration，alteration，administration，andtheenforcementoftherulesbywhichpeoplelive.Notallsocieties，however，utilizeaformallegalsystem(courts，judges，lawyers,andlawenforcementagencies)tothesamedegree.Historically，lawdevelopmentandindustrialization，

2、urbanization,andmodernizationarecloselyintertwined.Thelawandsocietyliteraturesuggeststhatthemorecomplexthesociety,themoredifferentiatedthelegalsystem.Underlyingthispropositionisthenotionthatlegaldevelopmentisconditionedbyaseriesofdemandsstemmingfromsociety’seconomic,political，educatio

3、nal,andreligiousinstitutions.Basedonthecomplexityandmagnitudeoftheinterplayamongtheinstitutionsandbetweentheseinstitutionsandthelaw，severaltypesoflegalsystemsmaybeidentifiedinthecourseofsocietaldevelopment.1在每一个社会，有机制的宣言,变更、管理和人们生活的规则的执行。然而，并不是所有的社会利用正式的法律制度(法院、法官、律师、和执法机构)到相同的程度。从历史上

4、看，法律发展和工业化、城市化和现代化紧密地交织在一起。法律与社会文献表明，社会越复杂，越有区别的法律制度。底层这一命题的概念法律发展受制于一系列耑求源于社会的经济、政治、教育和宗教机构。基于之间的相互作用的复杂性和规模之间的机构，这些机构和法律，几种类型的法律制度可能会发现在社会发展的过程屮。PrimitiveLegalSystems基本法律制度2Primitivelegalsystemsaretypicallyfoundinhuntingandgatheringandsimpleagrariansocieties.Thelawsarenotwrittenorco

5、dified;theyarepermeatedbycustoms,tradition，religiousdogmas，andvalues.Primitivelawsoftencoexistwithancientnorms,andarealsocomparativelyundifferentiated.Thereis，however，somedistinctionbetweensubstantivelawsandprocedurallaws.Subsequentdifferentiationoftypesatlaterstagesoflegalevolutionca

6、nbecompassedunderthesetwotypesoflaw.2原始法律体系通常是在狩猎和采集和简单的农业社会。法律不写或编纂;他们被海关渗透,传统，宗教教条，和价值观。原始的法律常常与古代准则共存，也比较无差异。然而，一些实体的法律和程序的法律之间的区别。随后分化类型的法律进化的后期可以围绕这两种类型的法律规定。3Thefunctionsoflawinprimitivesocietiesareessentiallythesameasthoseinmoreadvancedsocieties.Lawspreserveimportantculturalele

7、ments.Theycoordinateinteraction，settledisputes，checkdeviance，andregularizeexchanges.Lawsalsolegitimizeexistinginequalities.3法律的功能在原始社会在本质上是相同的在更高级的社会。法律保护的重要的文化元素。他们协调互动，解决争端，检査异常，调整交流。法律也合法化现有的不平等。4Inprimitivesocieties，therearenowell-developedpoliticalsubsystems,andthepolityiscompose

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