《经济学chap》ppt课件

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1、21TheInfluenceofMonetaryandFiscalPolicyonAggregateDemand货币与财政政策对总需求的影响AggregateDemand总需求Manyfactorsinfluenceaggregatedemandbesidesmonetaryandfiscalpolicy.除了货币和财政政策之外，还有许多其他因素影响总需求。Inparticular,desiredspendingbyhouseholdsandbusinessfirmsdeterminestheoveralldemandforgo

2、odsandservices.特别是，家庭和企业的合意支出决定了物品与劳务的总需求。AggregateDemand总需求Whendesiredspendingchanges,aggregatedemandshifts,causingshort-runfluctuationsinoutputandemployment.当合意支出变动时，总需求移动，引起产量与就业的短期波动。Monetaryandfiscalpolicyaresometimesusedtooffsetthoseshiftsandstabilizetheeconomy

3、.货币与财政政策有时被用来抵消这种移动，从而稳定经济。HOWMONETARYPOLICYINFLUENCESAGGREGATEDEMANDTheaggregatedemandcurveslopesdownwardforthreereasons:ThewealtheffectTheinterest-rateeffectTheexchange-rateeffect货币政策如何影响总需求总需求曲线由于以下三个原因而向右下方倾斜：财富效应利率效应汇率效应HOWMONETARYPOLICYINFLUENCESAGGREGATEDEMAND

4、货币政策如何影响总需求FortheU.S.economy,themostimportantreasonforthedownwardslopeoftheaggregate-demandcurveistheinterest-rateeffect.对美国经济来讲，总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的最重要原因是利率效应。TheTheoryofLiquidityPreferenceKeynesdevelopedthetheoryofliquiditypreferenceinordertoexplainwhatfactorsdeterminethee

5、conomy’sinterestrate.Accordingtothetheory,theinterestrateadjuststobalancethesupplyanddemandformoney.流动偏好理论凯恩斯提出了流动偏好理论来解释决定经济中利率的因素。根据这一理论，利率的调整使货币供给与货币需求平衡。TheTheoryofLiquidityPreferenceMoneySupplyThemoneysupplyiscontrolledbytheFedthrough:Open-marketoperationsChangi

6、ngthereserverequirementsChangingthediscountrateBecauseitisfixedbytheFed,thequantityofmoneysupplieddoesnotdependontheinterestrate.Thefixedmoneysupplyisrepresentedbyaverticalsupplycurve.流动偏好理论货币供给货币供给由美联储通过以下方式控制:公开市场活动改变法定准备金改变贴现率由于货币供給量由美联储所固定，所以货币供給量不取决于利率。一条垂直的供给曲线

7、代表固定的货币供给。TheTheoryofLiquidityPreferenceMoneyDemandMoneydemandisdeterminedbyseveralfactors.Accordingtothetheoryofliquiditypreference,oneofthemostimportantfactorsistheinterestrate.Peoplechoosetoholdmoneyinsteadofotherassetsthatofferhigherratesofreturnbecausemoneycanbe

8、usedtobuygoodsandservices.Theopportunitycostofholdingmoneyistheinterestthatcouldbeearnedoninterest-earningassets.Anincreaseintheint