上海财经大学中级微观经济学课程课件(叶正茂)第七章

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1、第七章市场失灵市场失灵的四种情形:垄断外部性（外部效应）公共物品不对称信息§7.1外部性ExternalitiesAnexternalityisacostorabenefitimposeduponsomeonebyactionstakenbyothers.Thecostorbenefitisthusgeneratedexternallytothatsomebody.Anexternallyimposedbenefitisapositiveexternality（正外部性）.Anexternallyimposedcostisanegativeexternali

2、ty（负外部性）.ExamplesofNegativeExternalitiesAirpollution.Waterpollution.Loudpartiesnextdoor.Trafficcongestion.Second-handcigarettesmoke.Increasedinsurancepremiumsduetoalcoholortobaccoconsumption.ExamplesofPositiveExternalitiesAwell-maintainedpropertynextdoorthatraisesthemarketvalueofyo

3、urproperty.Apleasantcologne（科隆香水）orscentwornbythepersonseatednexttoyou.Improveddrivinghabitsthatreduceaccidentrisks.Ascientificadvance.ExternalitiesandEfficiencyExternalitiescauseParetoinefficiency;typicallytoomuchscarceresourceisallocatedtoanactivitywhichcausesanegativeexternality

4、toolittleresourceisallocatedtoanactivitywhichcausesapositiveexternality.Inefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesConsidertwoagents,AandB,andtwocommodities,moneyandsmoke.BothsmokeandmoneyaregoodsforAgentA.MoneyisagoodandsmokeisabadforAgentB.Smokeisapurelypubliccommodity.Inefficiency&Negati

5、veExternalitiesAgentAisendowedwith$yA.AgentBisendowedwith$yB.Smokeintensityismeasuredonascalefrom0(nosmoke)to1(maximumconcentration).Inefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesOA10SmokemAyAMoneyandsmokearebothgoodsforAgentA.Inefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesOA10SmokemAyAMoneyandsmokearebo

6、thgoodsforAgentA.BetterInefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesOB10SmokemByBMoneyisagoodandsmokeisabadforAgentB.BetterInefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesOB10SmokemByBMoneyisagoodandsmokeisabadforAgentB.BetterInefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesWhataretheefficientallocationsofsmokeandmoney?I

7、nefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesOA10SmokemAOB10SmokemByAyBInefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesOA10SmokemAOB10SmokemByAyBInefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesOA10SmokemAOB10SmokemByAyBInefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesOA10SmokemAOB10SmokemByAyBEfficientallocationsInefficiency&NegativeEx

8、ternalitiesSupposethereisn