不良地质现象及防治

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1、第五章不良地质现象及防治第一节Collapse（崩塌）一、IntroductionThecollapseisconsideredasaprocessofhugerockblockrollingalongmountainslopandstoppingattheslopefoot.Thedamageofcollapse:①buildingisdamaged②highwayorrailwayisburied,sothetrafficisintermitted③blockingtherivercourse二、happen

2、ingconditionsandinfluencingfactors1)deepslope2)hardrockandsoftrockdistributinginturn.Agreatmanyjointsexistingneartheslopesurface软硬岩层相间不利的结构面组合岩性、节理与崩塌的关系三Preventionmethod1)clearingtherockwhichiseasydroppedusingexplodingandwedging2)Injectingcementmortartostabi

3、lizethedangerousrockbody3)Tobuildprotectivewalltopreventfallingrock崩塌的防治方法挡墙护坡支撑垛钢轨插别钢轨拦石网防崩塌明洞崩塌的防治第二节landslide（滑坡）一.ThedefinitionoflandslideThesoilorrockbodyslidedownalongthefixedslidingsurfaceontheactionofgravity.Thehappeningoflandslidemaycausethedamageofb

4、uilding,endangerhumanlife,alsocausetheartificalearthquake.滑坡形态描述滑坡体Slidingbody滑坡床Slidingbed滑坡壁cliff滑坡面Slidingsurface扇形张裂缝Fan-hapedtensivecracks滑坡舌鼓胀裂缝Swellingcracks剪裂缝Shearcracks滑坡周界滑坡台阶二.ThefeatureofdifferentpartoflandslideTensioncracks三.Theclassificationofl

5、andslide1.Accordtothematerialsdifferenceofslidingbody2 Accordingtothemechanicscondition3accordingtothelandslidescalesize划分依据名称类型滑坡的特征按滑坡物质组成成分覆盖层滑坡粘性土滑坡粘性土本身变形滑动，或与其他成因的土层接触面或沿基岩接触面而滑动黄土滑坡不同时期的黄土层中的滑坡，井多群集出现，常见于高阶地前缘斜坡上碎石滑坡各种不同成因类型的堆积层体内滑动或沿基岩面滑动风化壳滑坡风化壳表层间的滑

6、动。多见于岩浆岩(尤其是花岗岩)风化壳中基岩滑坡均质滑坡发生在层理不明显的泥岩，页岩，泥灰岩等软弱岩层中，滑动面均匀光滑切层滑坡滑动面与层面相切的滑坡，在坚硬岩层与软弱岩层相互交替的岩体中的切层滑坡等顺层滑坡沿岩层面或裂隙面滑动，或沿坡积层与基岩交界面或基岩间不整合面等滑动特殊滑坡如融冻滑坡、陷落滑坡等按滑坡体厚度浅层滑坡滑坡体厚度在6m以内中层滑坡6～20m左右深层滑坡20～30m左右超深层滑坡超过30m以上按滑坡规模大小小型滑坡滑坡体体积小于3万m3中型滑坡3～50万m3大型滑坡50～300万m3巨型滑坡超过

7、300万m3按形成年代新滑坡由于开挖山体所形成的滑坡古滑坡久已存在的滑坡，其中又可分为死滑坡、活滑坡、及处于极限平衡状态的滑坡按力学条件牵引式滑坡滑坡体下部先行变形滑动，上部失去支撑力量，因而随着变形滑动推动式滑坡上部先滑动、挤压下部引起变形和滑动表6-1滑坡类型及其特征表四、TheanalysisinfluencefactorsofslidingTheinfluencefactorcanbeconsideredasthefactorswhichhavethecontributiontothechangeofsa

8、fetyfactor(K)①slopeappearanceslophigh;slopeangle,slopeshape②rockandsoilspropertiessoftrock(shale,sandrock)soilwithmontmorillonitewhichiseasytoabsorbwaterandexpanding.③structuretheconditio