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时间:2018-11-28
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1、WORD格式整理Unit1Metals金属Theuseofmetalshasalwaysbeenakeyfactorinthedevelopmentofthesocialsystemsofman.Oftheroughly100basicelementsofwhichallmatteriscomposed,abouthalfareclassifiedasmetals.Thedistinctionbetweenametalandanonmetalisnotalwaysclear-cut.Themostbasicdefinitioncentersa
2、round以…为中心thetypeofbondingexistingbetweentheatomsoftheelement,andaroundthecharacteristicsofcertainoftheelectrons某种电子associatedwiththeseatoms.Inamorepracticalway,however,ametalcanbedefinedasanelementwhichhasaparticularpackageofproperties.Metalsarecrystallineadj.晶体的wheninthes
3、olidstateand,withfewexceptions极少例外(e.g.mercury),aresolidatambient周围环境的temperatures.Theyaregoodconductorsofheatandelectricityandareopaque不透明的tolight.Theyusuallyhaveacomparativelyhighdensity.Manymetalsareductile柔软的;易延展的-thatis,theirshapecanbechangedpermanently永久地,长期不变地bytheap
4、plicationofaforcewithoutbreaking.Theforcesrequiredtocausethisdeformationandthoserequiredtobreakorfractureametalarecomparativelyhigh,although,thefractureforcesisnotnearly=farfrom,muchlessthanashighaswouldbeexpectedfromsimpleconsiderationoftheforcesrequiredtotearaparttheatoms
5、ofthemetal.Oneofthemoresignificantofthesecharacteristicsfromourpointofviewisthatofcrystallinitycrystallinity[,kristə'linəti].Acrystallinesolidisoneinwhichtheconstituentatomsarelocatedinaregularthree-dimensionalarrayasiftheywerelocatedatthecornersofthesquaresofathree-dimensi
6、onalchessboardn.棋盘.Thespacingoftheatomsinthearrayisofthesameorderasthesizeoftheatoms,theactualspacingbeingacharacteristicoftheparticularmetal.Thedirectionsoftheaxesofthearraydefinetheorientationofthecrystalinspace.Themetalscommonlyusedinengineeringpracticearecomposedofalarg
7、enumberofsuchcrystals,在人类社会的发展中,金属的应用起着关键性的作用。构成物质的大约100种基本元素中,大约有一半为金属。金属和非金属之间的区别不是特别明显。最基本的定义集中在元素原子间存在的连接形式和与这些原子相关联的电子的某些特性。然而,在实际应用中,可以将具有某些特性集合金属定义为某种元素。除了少数例外金属在常温下是固态的。它们是热和电的良导体,不透光。它们往往具有较高的密度。许多金属具有延展性,也就是说,在不被破坏的情况下它们的形状在外力的作用下可以发生变化。引起永久变形所需的力和最终使金属断裂所需的力相当大,尽
8、管发生断裂所需的力远没有像所预期的撕开金属原子所需的力那么大。从我们的观点来看,在所有的特性中结晶性是最重要的。结晶体是这样一种结构,组成它的原子定位在规则的三维排
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