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1、PRINCIPLESOFHEADPHONEDESIGN–ATUTORIALREVIEWPRINCIPLESOFHEADPHONEDESIGN–ATUTORIALREVIEWM.R.AVISandL.J.KELLY(m.r.avis@salford.ac.uk)(l.j.kelly@pgr.salford.ac.uk)AcousticsResearchCentre,ResearchInstitutefortheBuiltandHumanEnvironment,UniversityofSalford,UKH
2、eadphonedesignusinglumped-parameteranalysisandanalogouscircuitsisdescribed.Specificallyamodelofadynamicdriverinacircumauralenclosureisdeveloped,buttheapproachmaybeappliedtootherdriversandenclosuretypes.Modelsarepresentedwhichillustratekeydesignconstraint
3、ssuchasleakbehaviour,open/closedbackapproaches,cupattenuation,cushioncomplianceandheadbandtension.Limitationsofthelumpedparameterapproacharediscussed,followingwhichanintroductiontoanalytical-modalandnumericalmodellingispresented.1.0INTRODUCTIONHeadphonem
4、odellingconcernsthesolutionofanumberofcoupledproblemscentringonasmallmechanicaldiaphragmvibratinginanenclosedspace.Frequently,theelectro-acoustictransductionmechanismisdynamic,andthetransferfunctionsbetweenelectrical(v,i)andmechanical(F,u)quantitiesmustb
5、econsidered.Thesetransferfunctionswillinpartdependontheacousticload(p,U)actingonthediaphragm,andthisacousticloadwillalsodeterminethepressureradiatedbythediaphragmwhichwill,viaatransferfunctiondependantonthetypeofenclosureandthephysiologyofthewearer,event
6、uallyimpingeonthetympanicmembrane.Whateversolutionmethodisattempted,itisprobablethattheend-userwillregardthedeviceasonewhichgeneratesacousticspressuresinresponsetotheapplicationofelectricalvoltages.Itseemssensiblethereforetocommencetheanalysisbyworkingto
7、wardsanevaluationofatransferfunctionintermsof(1)Tothisend,thetechniqueoflumpedelementmodellingisintroducedbelow.2.0LUMPEDELEMENTMODELINGAgreatmanyauthorshaveusedlumped-element(oranaloguecircuit)modellingasawayofreducingthedifferentialequationsofmotionwhi
8、chdescribecoupledelectro-mechano-acousticsystemsintofamiliarnetworksofelectricalcomponents[eg1,2,3].Themethodhastheadvantagethatfullycoupledmodelsmaybeconstructedrapidly,andforthosefamiliarwithelectricalnetworksandfilters,
