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1、2012词汇学复习资料ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary1.Indo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyTheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyisconsideredasoneofthemostimportantlanguagefamilies.ItincludesmostlanguagesofEurope,theNearEast,andIndia.Thoselanguages,whicharebelievedtohaveori
2、ginatedfromthislanguagefamilyanddevelopedalonedifferentlines,showvariousdegreesofsimilaritytooneanother.Theyfallintoeightprincipalgroups,whichcanbegroupedintoanEasternSet东部诸语族:Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语,Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族,Armenian亚美尼亚语族andAlbanian阿尔巴尼亚语族;aW
3、esternSet:西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族,Italic意大利语族,Hellenic希腊语族,Germanic日尔曼语族.AllthelanguagesinbothsetsshedsomeinfluenceonEnglishtoagreaterorlesserextentbecauseeachhaslentwordsintotheEnglishvocabulary.Prussian普鲁士语Lithuanian立陶宛语Polish波兰语Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克
4、斯洛伐克语Bulgarian保加利亚语Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语RussianAlbanian阿尔巴尼亚Persian波斯语Hindi北印度语Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语Romany，吉卜赛语Armenian亚美尼亚语PortugueseSpanishItalic意大利语族ItalianRoumanian罗马尼亚语FrenchIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyIrishCeltic凯尔特语BretonScottishNorwegian挪威语Ic
5、elandic，冰岛语Danish丹麦语GermanicSwedish瑞典语日尔曼语言EnglishDutchFlemishGermanHellenic，古希腊语-Greek39Chapter1AGeneralSurveyofAWordTheDefinitionofWord•Awordis(1)Aminimalfreeformofalanguage;(2)asoundunity;(3)aunityofmeaning;(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.A
6、wordisaminimalfreeformthathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.Awordisasmallestunitofalanguage.1.ThedevelopmentofEnglishvocabularyThehistoryofEnglishlanguagecanbedividedinto3periods:a/OldEnglishperiod(449—1100)Theformerinhabitants,theCeltic,th
7、eGermanictribescalledAngles,SaxonsandJutesAnglo-SaxonasOldEnglish,OldEnglishcontains50-60thousandwords,whichconsistsofthebasicwordstock.b/MiddleEnglishperiod(1100-1500)characterizedbythestronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingtheNormanConquestin1066.TheFrench
8、loanwordswerefoundinlawandgovernmentaladministration(judge,justice)c/ModernEnglishperiod(1500--)theearlystageofthisperiod(includingtheyearsbetween1500-1700),theRenaissancebroughtgreatchangestothevocabulary.borrowingfromLatin,Latinwerenowmostly
