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1、HistoryofcomputingMainarticle:HistoryofcomputinghardwareThefirstuseoftheword"computer"wasrecordedin1613,referringtoapersonwhocarriedoutcalculations,orcomputations,andthewordcontinuedwiththesamemeaninguntilthemiddleofthe20thcentury.Fromtheendofthe19thcen
2、turythewordbegantotakeonitsmorefamiliarmeaning,amachinethatcarriesoutcomputations.Limited-functionearlycomputersTheJacquardloom,ondisplayattheMuseumofScienceandIndustryinManchester,England,wasoneofthefirstprogrammabledevices.Thehistoryofthemoderncompute
3、rbeginswithtwoseparatetechnologies,automatedcalculationandprogrammability,butnosingledevicecanbeidentifiedastheearliestcomputer,partlybecauseoftheinconsistentapplicationofthatterm.Afewdevicesareworthmentioningthough,likesomemechanicalaidstocomputing,whi
4、chwereverysuccessfulandsurvivedforcenturiesuntiltheadventoftheelectroniccalculator,liketheSumerianabacus,designedaround2500BCofwhichadescendantwonaspeedcompetitionagainstamoderndeskcalculatingmachineinJapanin1946,thesliderules,inventedinthe1620s,whichwe
5、recarriedonfiveApollospacemissions,includingtothemoonandarguablytheastrolabeandtheAntikytheramechanism,anancientastronomicalcomputerbuiltbytheGreeksaround80BC.TheGreekmathematicianHeroofAlexandria(c.10–70AD)builtamechanicaltheaterwhichperformedaplaylast
6、ing10minutesandwasoperatedbyacomplexsystemofropesanddrumsthatmightbeconsideredtobeameansofdecidingwhichpartsofthemechanismperformedwhichactionsandwhen.Thisistheessenceofprogrammability.Aroundtheendofthe10thcentury,theFrenchmonkGerbertd'Aurillacbroughtba
7、ckfromSpainthedrawingsofamachineinventedbytheMoorsthatansweredeitherYesorNotothequestionsitwasasked.Againinthe13thcentury,themonksAlbertusMagnusandRogerBaconbuilttalkingandroidswithoutanyfurtherdevelopment.In1642,theRenaissancesawtheinventionofthemechan
8、icalcalculator,adevicethatcouldperformallfourarithmeticoperationswithoutrelyingonhumanintelligence.Themechanicalcalculatorwasattherootofthedevelopmentof11computersintwoseparateways.Initially,itwasintryingtodevelopmorepowerfulandm
