毕业论文外文翻译-滑坡和岩质边坡的变形

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1、LandslidesandDeformationofRockSlopesLandslideisthedownslopemovementofrock,sediment,andsoilundertheinfluenceofgravitywithouttheaidoftheotheragentsoferosionsuchasfiowingwater,wide,orice.Landslidedebrisaretransportedoffaslopewithinamatterofsecondsorminutestotheimperceptibleslowcr

2、eepofindividualparticlesdownagradualslope.thesetypesofmovementsmaybetriggeredbythevibrationsfromearthquakesorthemechanicalpushingorheavingofparticlesdownslope,ortheymayoccurspontaneouslyifthegravitationalforcesexceedtheforcesholdingthemarerialtotheslope.Fivebasictypesoflandsli

3、dearedefinded,basedonthetypeofmovementinvolved:falls,siumps,andcreep.Fallsarecreatedbythefreefallofrocksorcoherentmassesofsedimentfromsteepcliffs.Thecoarsedebristhatbreaksloosefromtheclifftumblesovertheslopeandaccumulatestoformtalusorscreedepositsatthebaseoftheslope.Slidesares

4、lopefailuresinwhichalargemassofrockanddebrisslipsdownslopealongazoneofweakness,usuallyabeddingplaneorstructuralsurface(afaultorjoint).Thedebrisremovedfromtheslopemaycometorestanywherefromametertoakilometerdownslope.Ascarisleftontheslopedelineatingtheareainwhichthedebrisorigina

5、ted.Slumpsaregeneratedwhenablockofsedimentbreaksloosefromitsbedandslidesdownwardandoutwardasacoherentunitalongacurvedfaiureplane.Asthefailedblockrotatesfromitsoriginalposition,itproducesascarporconcavescarontheslope.Slidingandslumpingmayoccursuddenlyinonegreatlandslideorinaser

6、iesofsmalldisplacementsthattakeplaceovermonthsoryears.Flowsarecreatedbythedownslopemovementofwatersaturateddebris.Thematerialbeingtransportedmayremainsemicoherentormaybecomejumbledandmixed.Thesesoggymassesmaymoverapidlydownslopeinafewcentimeters(mudflowsanddebrisflowsonalluvia

7、lfans)oratarateofonlyafewcentimetersormetersperhourordayforashortperiod(solifuctionandgelifraction);creepistheextremelyslow,almostundetectabledownslopemovementofsoilparticlesintheuppermeterofthesoilcausedbyavarietyofmechanisms.Particlesmaysimplyrolldownthehillside,burrowingani

8、malsmaypushsedimentdowntheslope,orparticlesmayslowlymoveorfre