[英语学习]新概念4-新东方课堂笔记

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1、Lesson55PatternsofCulture文化的模式文化的模式Customhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigation,butcustomhaveawayofthinking,isbehaviouratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffact,itistheotherwayaround.Traditionalcustom,

2、takentheworldover,isamassofdetailedbehaviourmoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions,nomatterhowaberrant.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirst-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbelief,andtheverygreatvari

3、etiesitmaymanifest.Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithpristineeyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandwaysofthinking.Eveninhisphilosophicalprobingshecannotgobehindthesestereotypes;hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcust

4、oms.JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehaviouroftheindividualasoveragainstanywayinwhichhecanaffecttraditionalcustom,isastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueoveragainstthosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenupintothevernacularofhisf

5、amily.Whenoneseriouslystudiesthesocialordersthathavehadtheopportunitytodevelopautonomously,thefigurebecomesnomorethananexactandmatter-off-factobservation.Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanaccommodationtothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.F

6、romthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehaviour.Bythetimehecantalk,heisthelittlecreatureofhisculture,andbythetimeheisgrownandabletotakepartinitsactivities,itshabitsarehishabits,itsbeliefshisbeliefs,itsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.Everychildtha

7、tisbornintohisgroupwillsharethemwithhim,andnochildbornintooneontheoppositesideoftheglobecaneverachievethethousandthpart.Thereisnosocialproblemitismoreincumbentuponustounderstandthanthisoftheroleofcustom.Untilweareintelligentastoitslawsandvarieties,themaincomplicatingfactsofhumanl

8、ifemustremainunintelligible.Thestudyofcu