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《傲慢与偏见》和《爱玛》中不同的婚姻观DifferentViewsonMarriageinPrideandPrejudiceandEmmaContentsAbstract…………………………………………………………………....1Keywords…………………………………………………………………....1I.Introduction……………………………………………………..……......21.1IntroductiontotheAuthor……………………………………......……21.1.1TheAuthor’sGrowthandMainWorks………………….…..……...21.1.2TheAuthor’sFame………………..…………….………..….…….21.1.3TheAuthor’sWritingSkills……………………………...…........31.2IntroductiontotheStory……………………...…………………….…...41.2.1TheContentsoftheNovels…………………….….………...……….41.2.2TheTheme………...…………………………...…………...……...5II.DifferentViewsonMarriageandLoveinChristians,PrideandPrejudice,andEmma……………………….………………...….……..62.1IntroductiontotheViewsonLoveandMarriage……………..…………62.2AnalysisofDifferentLoveandMarriageViewsandDisplayofTheirAttitudestowardLoveandMarriage………………………………...72.2.1LoveandMarriageViewsof“SupremeLove…………...……………72.2.1.1ElizabethBennet…………………………………....………..…..82.2.1.2FitzwilliamDarcy………………………………….….…………82.2.1.3JaneBennetandCharlesBingleyKnightle………………...…......92.2.1.4EmmaWoodhouse…………………………….……….……….9 2.2.1.5Mr.Knightley………………………………………………......102.2.1.6RobertMartinandSmithHarriet……………………...….….…102.2.2LoveandMarriageViewsof“Materialism”……………………..…112.2.2.1LydiaBennet……………………………………...……………112.2.2.2GeorgeWickham……………………………………..…...……112.2.3LoveandMarriageViewsof“Opportunism”……………...……….122.2.3.1Mr.Collins………………………………………...……………122.2.3.2CharlotteLucas…………………………………..……………132.2.3.3Mr.Elton…………………………………..…………………...13III.Conclusion……………………………………..……………….…..…13References……………………………………..…………………….…..…14 DifferentViewsonMarriageinPrideandPrejudiceandEmma摘要： 简·奥斯汀是英国文学史上鲜有的负有盛名的女作家之一．她的作品以描写英国小乡镇中产阶级的女士和先生们的言行举止，舞会，茶会和散步野餐等为主．尽管取材小，但由于她以幽默和讽刺的语言生动逼真地刻画出了许多令人喜爱并熟知的文学形象，其作品历久不衰．其中《傲慢与偏见》和《爱玛》是作者的代表作.主题以围绕爱情与婚姻进行.本人从这两部作品的重要人物入手,从他们的语言和自身生活环境出发，来分析他们不同的爱情与婚姻观,并浅谈一些基督教的婚姻观,对它们做一对比.同时对作者的生平和主要作品以及作者的写作技巧进行简要介绍,使我们能更好的了解简·奥斯汀极其作品,并能让我们对爱情,婚姻做进一步思考.关键词:婚姻观;《傲慢与偏见》;《爱玛》Abstract:JaneAustenisoneofrarefemalenovelistsinEnglishliteraturehistory.Herworksmainlydealwithbehavingandtalkingmanners,balls,tea-parties,walkingandpicnicsofmiddleclassoftheladiesandgentlemeninthesmalltowninEngland.Althoughtheminoritythematerialssheuses,shecreatessomanywelcome,impressiveandeternalfiguresusinghumorousandsarcasticlanguage.PrideandPrejudiceandEmmaarehermasterpieces.Thethemesoftheworksarespreadedwithloveandmarriage.I’dliketopresentmypaperaccordingtothemainfiguresinthesetwonovels,andtheirdistinguishedlanguage,livingenvironmentwillhelpustoanalysetheirdifferentviewsonmarriageandlove.Also,thepaperwillincludesomeChristians’viewsonmarriageandloveandmakeacomparisonwiththem.Meanwhile,thepaperwillintroducethelifeofJaneAustenandherworks,andherwritingskills.ItwillhelpusmakeagoodunderstandingofJaneAustenandherworks.Anditmayinvolveustothinkfurtheraboutloveandmarriage.Keywords:marriageviews;PrideandPrejudice;Emma第15页共14页 I.IntroductionJaneAustenoccupiesacuriouspositionasafemalewriterbetweentheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies.Sheproducessixmainnovelsduringhershortlife.Shedealswiththedailylifeandaveragedpeopleinherworks.PrideandPrejudiceandEmmaareallherwell-knownworks.Theyallhavedistinguishedcharactersandsparkledpersonalities.Inthispaper,Iwouldliketowritesomethingaboutthemarriageviewsoftheheroesandheroinesinthesetwobooks.Also,IwillbrieflycomparetheseviewswithmarriageviewsinChristian.1.1IntroductiontotheAuthorThispapermainlydealswithJaneAusten’stwonovels,PrideandPrejudiceandEmma.Beforewediscussthem,wemusthaveageneralunderstandingoftheauthor.1.1.1TheAuthor’sGrowthandMainWorksJaneAustenwasborninSteventon,Englandin1775,whereshelivedforthefirsttwenty-fiveyearsofherlife.HerfatherGeorgeAustenwasarectorofthelocalparish;hewasaprofound-learningmanandtaughthischildrenbyhimself.Beforeshewaselevenyearsold,shestudiedinalodgeschool,bythen,shefinishedself-learningusingfivehundredbookswhichwerecollectedatherhome.ShereadallShakespeare’splayworks,Englishliteraturehistoryand18thcentury’sliterary,andshelikedRichardson’sworksbest.Ideallivingenvironmentwasanimportantreasonofherbeinganovelist.Duringhershortlife,shecreatedsixnovelsinall.However,onlyherclosefamilyknewthatshewastheauthorofthosenovels.Herfirstnovel,SenseandSensibilitywaspublishedin1796.ShecompletedtheoriginalmanuscriptofPrideandPrejudice,whichwascalledFirstImpressionsbetween1796and1797.Butapublisherrejectedthemanuscript,andtheauthorrevisedandbroughtitintofinalformsuntil1809.PrideandPrejudicewaspublishedinJanuary1813,anditwaswelcomedwidelyaslongastoday.JaneAustenalsopublishedfourmoreworks:MansfieldPark,Emma,NorthangerAbbeyandPersuasion.Thelasttwowerepublishedin1818,ayearafterherdeath.JaneAusten’snovelsmainlydealwithloveandmarriage.Shealsosetfootinmanyotheraspectssuchasparishlife,socialcustoms,familyhabitsandwomen’spsychology.Herworkshavehighliteraturevaluesanddeepsocialmeanings.1.1.2TheAuthor’sFameJaneAustendescribesthelifeofthemiddleclassatthattimewithasarcasticandmeticulousmanner.Shehasamagicalabilityofrepresentingthedailylife,innerworldof第15页共14页 thepeopleandsomanytrifles.“IhaveforthefirsttimelookedatintoPrideandPrejudice,anditisreallyaveryprettything.Nodarkpages,”WilliamGiffordcontinuedapproving,“nosecretchambers,nowind-howlingsinlonggalleries;nodropsofblooduponarustydagger-thingsthatshouldnowbelefttoladies’maidsandsentimentalwasherwoman.”(P49,RachelM.Browstein,TheCambridgeCompaniontoJaneAusten.)ClassdivisionsarenotedinfamilyconnectionsandwealthinAusten’sworks.SheisoftencriticizedoftheassumptionsandprejudicesofupperclassinEngland.Shedistinguishesbetweengoodnessofperson,rankandpossessions.Althoughshefrequentlysatirizessnobs,shealsomocksvulgarandpolitelessbehaviorofthoselowerclasses.Nevertheless,JaneAustenisinmanywaysarealistandshedepictsEnglandwheresocialmobilityislimitedandclass-consciousnessisstrong.(P3,Today’sMostPopularStudyGuidesPrideandPrejudice,RossDowthat.)AlsoAustensuccessfullydescribesthethingsthatsheisfamiliarwithinhernovels,andwhichisthemaintaskofanovel.Hercontemporarywell-knownnovelistScoltgivesherahighpraisetoAusten:“Thatladyhasagiftofdescribingthepeopleindailylifeandhuman’ssensation,andsheisalsogoodatidentifyingthecomplicatedandconfusedrelationships.ThatisthegreatestthingI’veeverknown.”(《英国文学简史》李公昭著)Meanwhile,Austen’snovelsarealwaysblamedtolackofpassion,shallowandcoldness.SharlotteBronthascomplained,“JaneAustenknowsprettylittleaboutthepassion,shejustpresentsthesuperficiallifestyleofmoderateandgentleBritishes,butnottriestoprobeintotheirferociouslyinnerworld.”(《英国文学简史》李公昭著)1.1.3TheAuthor’sWritingSkillsJaneAustenisoftencalledthelastofthe18thcenturynovelistbecauseofhercrisp,controlledstudiesofmanners.Thenovelsofmannerspicturesindetailthemannersandcustomsofacertainsocialclass.JaneAusten,whoisexcellentatthisformofwriting,isindeedoneofthegreatestofallEnglishnovelists.Adelightful,almostflawlessstylists,shehasdevotedadmiresofherSenseandSensibility,PrideandPrejudice,EmmaandNorthangerAbbeyamongotherworks.(英国社会与文化，吴斐著，武汉大学出版社，2003年11月第一版)JaneAustenalsobrilliantlydemonstratesthatviolenceofincidentoremotionisbynomeansofEnglishfictioninthedirectionofdomesticrealism.Herachievementandreputationareattestedbythefactthat“sheistheonlyauthorofherperiodwhoseworkscanberead,andarereadtodaywithdelight.(A.C.Baugh)OneofJaneAusten’swritingskillsisconversation-centered.JaneAustenuseshumorousandsarcasticlanguagetofulfillthevividcharacters.Thesettingofthenovelis第15页共14页 narrow.Butsheisgoodat“usingapainting-brushtocarveonatwo-incheswideivory.”Fromthedialogueorconversation,wecaneasilydistinguishthepeopleandtheirpersonalities.Anotherskillisthatshearrangestheplotinadistinctiveway.ThiscanbeeasilyfoundinPrideandPrejudice.Theplotisarrangedlikedancesteps:thebeginningofthedance(themeetofDarcyandElizabeth)----retrogrademotion(DarcymissesElizabeth)----comeintocontact(thereductionofDarcy’sprideandthesuperiorofElizabeth’sprejudice)---retrogrademotionagain(ElizabethmissesDarcy)----danceagain(thedispelofthemisunderstandingandtheuniteofthemarriage).(陈俊“试论《傲慢与偏见》的形式美”，《外国文学作品研究》2001年第三期)1.2IntroductiontotheStory1.2.1TheContentsoftheNovelsPrideandPrejudicemainlydealswiththeloveandmarriageoftheyoungmembersoftheBennetsandtwoyoungrichmen:Mr.DarcyandMr.Bingley.CharlesBingley,young,handsome,andrich,rentsthemanorofNetherfieldPark,whichcausesagreatstirinthesmallvillageofLongbourn,especiallytotheBennets.Mrs.Bennet,afoolishandnoisywomanwhoseonlygoalisdesperatetoseeherfivedaughtersgetmarried.Sincesuchagoodchanceiscoming,shestronglybelievesthatoneofhergirlswouldcatchtheeyesofMr.Bingley.Actuallysheisright.Mr.BingleyistakenwithJaneBennetwhoistheeldestandprettiestdaughterofBennets,andhedancesonlywithherfortwiceduringtheparty.Meanwhile,Mr.Darcy,whoisthebestfriendofBingleyisnotsolucky.HerefusestodancewithBennets’seconddaughterElizabeth,whichmakeseveryonethinkhimasarrogantandsnobbish.Asthetimepassesby,Mr.DarcyfindshimselfincreasinglyattractedtoElizabeth’scharmandintelligence.Atthesametime,Mr.CollinspaysavisittoBennets’household.HeisayoungclergymanwhowillinheritMr.Bennet’spropertybythelaw.Mr.Collinsispretentiousandignorant.ThoughheisquiteenthralledbytheBennetgirls,heisrefusedbyElizabethwhilehemakesaproposalofmarriagetoher.HequicklyturnstoCharlotteLucaswhoisEliza’sbestfriendandsuccessfullyengagedwithher.Meanwhile,theBennetgirlshavebecomefriendlywithmilitiaofficersstationedinaneartown.AhandsomeyoungsoldiernamedWickhamattractsElizabethinitially.HecheatsElizabysayingthatDarcycruellyswallowedinheritance,whichmakesElizabethdislikeDarcymore.Darcymakesashockproposalofmarriagewhiletheyencounteredaccidentally第15页共14页 ,whichisrefusedbyElizabethquickly.AfterleavingLadyCatherinedeBourgh,DarcywritesalonglettertoElizabethinwhichtellsherthetruthbetweenWickhamandhim.Aftermanyturnsandtwists,JaneandBingley,ElizaandDarcyaremarriedandliveahappylifeintheend.EmmaisAusten’sanotherdistinguishednovel.SheoncewroteofEmmathat“Iamgoingtowriteaheroinwhomnoonebutmyselfwillmuchlike.”ButthefactisthatEmmahasbeenmuchlovedbygenerationsofreaders.Asthebeginningofthenovelsaid,EmmaWoodhouse,handsome,cleverandrich,withacomfortablehomeandhappydispositionseemedtounitesomeofthebestblessingsofexistence.Shethinksmuchhighofherselfandhassuchahighopinionofherownworththatalwaysimposesherownopiniononothers.Thestoryrevolvesacomedyoferrors:SheiskindtoHarrietSmith,ayoungwomanwhoseparentsareunknown,andattemptstoremakeherinherownimage.Ignoringthegapingdifferenceintheirrespectivefortunesandstationsinlife,EmmaconvincesherselfandherfriendthatHarrietshouldlookforahusbandthatmightashighasEmmaherself.ShechoosesMr.Elton,anambitiousvicarastheperfectmatchforHarriet.Atthesametime,sheconsiderssheherselfandFrankChurchill(thenewlyarrivedsonoffamilyfriends’)areenthralledwitheachother,andthoughtlesslystartsarumoraboutpoorbutbeautifulJaneFairfax,thebelovednieceoftwogenteellyimpoverishedelderlyladiesinthevillage.AsEmma’sfantasticallyplannearlycausesamesssituation,Mr.Knightly,theWoodhouse’slongtimefriendandneighborchangesitrationally.Bytheendofthenovel,allthepeoplegetasatisfactorypositionastheywantto.1.2.2TheThemePrideandPrejudicemainlydealswithlove,reputationandclass.ItcontainsoneofthemostcherishedlovestoriesinEnglishLiterature:thecourtshipbetweenDarcyandElizabeth.Asinanylovestory,theloversmustovercomenumerousstumblingblockstofindtheirtrueloveandthetruelovecanconqueranydifficultiesfromthesociety.Italsocontainssomeotherdifferentkindsofloveinthisnovel.Thenovelalsodepictsasocietyinwhichawoman’sreputationisoftheutmostimportance.Awomanisexpectedtobehaveincertainways.Onceshestepsouttheway,shewillbeblamedandrejected.ThisthemeappearsinthenovelwhenElizabethwalkstoNetherfeildwithamuddyskirtandwhichshocksMissBingley.Atotherpoint,Mrs.Bennet’sill-manneredandridiculousbehavioralsobringsherabadreputationwiththesnobbishBingleys.Butlaterinthenovel,LydiaelopeswithWickhamandliveswithhimoutofwedlock,whichisthemostseriousmatterforthereputationinauthor’seye.The第15页共14页 classiscloselyrelatedtothereputation.Onthetopic,theauthorherselfisoftencriticizedbeingaclassist:shedoesn’treallyrepresentanyonefromthelowerclass.Shedoescriticizeclassstructure,butonlyalimitedsliceofthatstructure.EmmaisgenerallyregardedasJaneAusten’smosttechnicallybook.Readittoseehowaschemingheiresswhoisdeterminednottomarryendsupembracingloveandgrowinginmaturitywithoutdyingorbecomingimpossiblyinsipid,thefateofsomanynineteenthcenturyheroines.ComparedwithPrideandPrejudice,Emmaismorerealisticincontent,theexaggeratedplotisreducedmore,anditsstructureismoreserious.AsReginaldFarreroncesaid:whiletwelvereadingofPrideandPrejudicegiveyoutwelveperiodsofpleasurerepeated,asmanyreadingsofEmmagiveyouthatpleasure,notrepeatedonly,butsquaredandsquaredagainwitheachperusal,tillateveryfreshreadingyoufeelanewthatyouneverunderstoodanythinglikethewideningsumofitsdelights.ThereisaninterestingparalleltobedrawnherebetweenEmmaandhercreator,ifweacceptS.W.Harding’splausiblesuggestionthatJaneAustenherselfwasasmuchprovokedbyherownmilieuasattachedtoit,andthatwritingnovelswasawayof“findingsomemodeofexistenceforhercriticalattitudes.”(EmmabyJaneAusten外语教学研究出版社)II.DifferentViewsonMarriageandLoveinChristians,PrideandPrejudice,andEmma2.1IntroductiontotheViewsonMarriageJaneAustenlivesinasocietywhichisdominatedbyChristiansinreligion.SheisaChristian,too.Hernovelsalwaysreflectloveandmarriagebetweenyoungsters.Wecan’tsaythatthosenovelsarethought-profound,sensibleness-outstanding,plot-fantasticandscene-excited.Astheauthorsaid,“Iamwritingthemattersamongthreeorfourfamiliesinavillage.”Shelikestowriteverycommonthings-----affairs,feelingsandpeopleindailylife.ThethemesofthenovelsalwaysserveforChristians,whichmeansthattheviewsonloveandmarriageinhernovelsconformtoChristian’sviewstogreatextent.Shealsoexposestheuglymasksofsomeclergymen,whichcanbeseeninthispaper.Fromthispointwecanalsoseethebravenessofthisfemaleauthor,shechallengesthesocialrightandvirtuesusingherattractiveworks.ComparedJaneAustenwithCharlotteBront,twofamousfemalewriters,thesetwoladiesdisplaysimilartheme:loveandmarriage,butinaquitedifferentway.TakeJaneArneandPrideandPrejudiceforexample,JaneArneusesfirstpersonwritingmannerto第15页共14页 hitman’sfeelingdirectly.Itraisestheconsciousofawaringandfightingofwoman’srightinadirectway.AccordingtothebehaviorstandardatVictoriaTimes,JaneArnehastwofaults:first,sheshowsheraffectiontoamanvolunteerly;second,sherefusestheproposalofaman.Fromtheeyeofthefeminist,JaneArnesurpasseshertimesgreatly,shesetsuptheconsciousnessofwoman’sindependenceinliterature.Shenotonlyblamestheoppressoftheman,praisesthesuperiorityofthewoman;butalsoreflectsthetruefeelingofwoman.VirginiaWolfoncepraised,“itbravely,honestlyseizedthewomen’struefeeling.”Controversially,PrideandPrejudiceisarrangedinadistinctiveway:eachroleissetintheirownposition,accordingtowhichmildlyexpresstherealizationofthosenon-rightwomen.Onmarriage,theyeitheropposethosewhocareaboutfinancialbenefitonly,butnotcareaboutloveatall;oropposethosewhoonlythinkaboutlovebutnotconcernthelivingmaterialsandenvironment.ThetitlePrideandPrejudiceitselfshowstheauthor’ssensibleandjusticeattitude.Ittellsreadersthattoerrishuman,whatevermanorwomen.Onlyiftheycanself-awake,self-criticize,theywillknowthemselveswellandfulfillaharmoniousandequalrelationshipfinally.ThisisJaneAusten’sviewonloveandmarriage.Thisistheconcretepresentationofvaluesofthosebelieversofclassicalarticleoffaithatthattime.2.2AnalysisofDifferentLoveandMarriageViewsandDisplayofTheirAttitudestowardLoveandMarriageTheBibleisoneofthegreatestworksintheworld.ItplaysanimportantroleinChristian’slife.ItisthebeliefoftheChristian.SowhenwetalkabouttheviewsofChristians,wemustmentiontheBible.Here,accordingtotheBible,thepaperoffersthreedifferentloveandmarriageviews.Theyare:viewof“supremelove”,viewof“materialism”,andviewof“opportunism”.Andwecanseedifferentcharactersandtheirdifferentviewsonloveandmarriageinthesethreeaspects.2.2.1 LoveandMarriageViewsof“SupremeLove”“Godcreatedmanintheimageofhimself,intheimageofGodhecreatedhim,maleandfemalehecreatedthem.”(Genesis1:27)Thisshowsthefirstrootsoftheideaofmarriage,andexpressesthebasicgoodnessofmarriageandthefundamentalequalityofthesexes.Thequalitiesofloveareallwellknowntous,“Loveisalwayspatientandkind---itiseverjealous;loveisneverboastfulorconceited,itisneverrudeorselfish;itdoesn’ttakeoffence,andisnotresentful.Lovetakesnopleasureinotherpeople’ssinbutdelights第15页共14页 inthetruth,itisalwaysreadytoexcuse,totrust,tohopeandtoendurewhatevercomes.Lovedosenotcometotheend.”(Corinthians13:4-7)InthedocumentsofthesecondVaticanCouncil,theheartofmarriageisdescribedasfollowterms,‘anintimate,partnership’,‘acommunionoflifeandlove’,‘themutualgiftoftwopersons’and‘aconjugalcovenant’.Andthereisastrongfeelingthatthemarriageshouldbeforever.Therealsoatermcalledunconditionallovethatmeansthatyoulovesomebodynomatterwhatthechangecircumstancesare,e.g.,iftheyareterminallyill,orhavefinancialproblems,unemployed,ect.Youwillstilllovethemandsharewiththem.Elizabeth,wifeofKingGeorgeVIandmotherofQueenElizabethIIoncesaid,“Marriageisthehighestformoffellowship,affordingarocklikefoundationonwhichallthatisbestinthelifeofthenationisbuilt.”FromtheChristian’seyewecaneasilyfindthatmarriageisholy,peopleshouldadoreandworshipit.Itshouldbebasedonlove,whichissupremeinmarriage.AsaChristian,JaneAustenstronglybelievesandfollowsit.Fromhernovelswecangetthis.2.2.1.1ElizabethBennetAstheprotagonistofPrideandPrejudiceandoneofthemostwellknownfemalecharactersinEnglishliterature,ElizabethBennetistheseconddaughterintheBennetfamily;sheisthemostintelligentandquick-witted.Thisnovelthatiswellknownasconversationcentered,Elizabeth’slovely,livelywit,sharptongueisvividlyshowedtothereaders.Meanwhile,herhonesty,virtue,andlivelywitenablehertoriseabovethenonsenseandbadbehaviorthatpervadeherclass-boundandoftenspitefulsociety.Nevertheless,hersharptongueandtendencytomakehastyjudgmentsoftenleadherastray.Sheconvincesthat“nothingisinquestionbutthedesireofbeingwellmarried,andifIweredeterminedtogetarichhusband,oranyhusband,IdaresayIshouldadoptit.”(P15,PrideandPrejudice)AlthoughDarcymakesabadimpressiononherinitially,asshegraduallycomestorecognizethenobilityofDarcy’scharacter,sherealizestheerrorofherinitialprejudiceagainsthim.Andwithherstrongbeliefthatmarriageshouldbaseonlove,shefinallywinsherhappinessbymarryingMr.Darcy.2.2.1.2FitzwilliamDarcyThesonofawealthy,well-establishedfamilyandthemasterofthegreatestateofPemberley,DarcyisElizabeth’smalecounterpart.ThenarratorrelatesElizabeth’spointofviewofeventsmoreoftenthanDarcy’s,soElizabethoftenseemsamoresympatheticfigure.Thereadereventuallyrealizes,thatDarcyisheridealmatch.Intelligentandforthright,hetoohasatendencytojudgetoohastilyandharshly,andhighbirthand第15页共14页 wealthmakehimoverlyproudandoverlyconsciousofhissocialstatus.Heoncesaid,“Thereisnotmanyotherwomanintheroomwhomitwouldnotbeapunishmenttometostandupwith.”(P7,PrideandPrejudice)Indeed,hishaughtinessmakeshiminitiallybunglehiscourtship.Whenheproposestoher,forinstance,hedwellsmoreonhowunsuitableamatchsheisthanonhercharms,beauty,oranythingelsecomplimentary.Anyway,withthedevelopmentofthecourse,hewaresthisprideandtempershisclass-consciousness.Also,DarcyshowsunconditionallovetoElizabeth.Wehavementionedthatunconditionallovemeansthatyoulovesomebodynomatterwhatthechangecircumstancesare.WhenLydiaelopeswithWickham,whichisavitalhittotheBennets.Asweknow,reputationisutmostimportantforgirls.Lydia’sbehaviornotonlytakesherabadreputation,butalsotoothergirlsatthattime.Darcystandsoutandarrangesthismatterinaproperandrationalway.ThisisastrongproofofhislovetoElizabeth.HewinsEliza’slovebyhisperseveranceinlove.Hisattitudetowardsloveisassameashislover:hebelievesinlove,whenhefindshislove,hefirmlystickstoit,trieshardtogetitanddoesn’tgiveupiteasily.Hepursuesmarriagebasedonloveandfirmlyperformsit.2.2.1.3JaneBennetandCharlesBingleyJaneBennetistheeldestandthemostbeautifulgirlintheBennetfamily.SheismorereservedandgentlerthanEliza.Meanwhile,CharlesBingleyisayoung,wealthymanwhoisthebestfriendofDarcy.JaneandBingleyengageinacourtshipthatoccupiesacentralplaceinthenovel.TheyfirstmeetattheballinMerytonandenjoyanimmediatemutualattraction.Theyarespokenofadestinedcouplethroughoutthewholebook,whichlongbeforeanyoneimaginesthatDarcyandElizabethmightmarry.Theyaresosimilarinnatureandbehaviorthattheycanbedescribedtogether:Bothofthemarekind,amiable,goodwillandcompatibility.Theircharactershavesomanythingsincommon.Theycangetalongwiththepeoplearoundthemeasily.TheylackentirelythepricklyegotismofElizabethandDarcy.Jane’sgentlespiritservesasafoilforhersister’sfiery,contentiousnature,whileBingley’seagerfriendlinesscontrastswithDarcy’sstiffpride.AlthoughtheyarepartedbyDarcyandBingley’ssistersforsometime.Becauseoftheirtruelove,wehavenoexcusetodoubttheiruniteintheend.2.2.1.4EmmaWoodhouseAsthebeginningofthenovelsaid,“EmmaWoodhouse,handsome,cleverandrich,withacomfortableandhappydispositionseemedtounitesomeofthebestblessingsofexistence.”(P1,Emma)Austenoncesaid,“Iamgoingtotakeaheroinewhomnoonebutmyselfwillmuchlike.”Emmaislovablepreciselybecausesheissoimperfect.Wemust第15页共14页 likeEmmaifthenovelistowork.Emmacanbesnobbish,cruel,selfish,andcalculatinginthefieldofpersonalrelations—thewaysheexploitsandmanipulatespoorHarrietinthematterofRobertMarten’ssuitisonlyoneofmanyexamples.ButitissurelythatEmmareallydosechange,notonlychange,butalsochangeforbetter.OneexampleisherattitudetotheMartinfamily,whichshiftsfromcrudesnobbery---‘theyeomanryarepreciselytheolderofpeoplewithwhomIfeelscienceandprejudice---“shewouldhavegivenadeal…tohavehadtheMartinsinahigherrankoflife.Theyweresodeservingthatalittlehighershouldhavebeenenough:butasitwas,howcouldshehavedoneotherwise?”Toherfinal,sinceredeclaration:“ItwouldbeagreatpleasuretoknowRobertMartin.”WhenEmmafinallyachievesmaturityandself-knowledge,sheisrewardedbyKnightley’sdeclarationoflove.2.2.1.5Mr.KnightleyMr.Knightley,asensiblemanaboutthirty-sevenoreight,isnotonlyaveryoldandintimatefriendoftheWoodhousefamily,butalsoparticularlyconnectedwithit,astheelderbrotherofIsabella’shusband.HelivesaboutamileawayfromHighbury,isafrequentvisitor,andalwayswelcomed.Mr.Knightleyhasacheerfulmanner,whichalwaysdosehimgood.Heisthenearestthingtoaparagonofvirtueinthenovel,butJaneAustenhascarefullypreventedanyfemalecharacterfromfillingthesameroleandthusputtingherheroineEmmainthesameshade.(EmmabyJaneAusten)HealwaysblamesEmmathatalwayscalculatesinthefieldofpersonalrelations---especiallythematchmaking.ItishewhohelpsEmmabematureandmakeprogressinrealizingherfaultandfindlove.Mr.Knightleydoesn’ttellwhatloveormarriageis.Buthetellsitbyhisaction:Herepresentsthedidactictraditioninthisnovel.Heiskind-hearted,honestyandsensible.HeisnotonlyEmma’sfriend,relative,butalsoplaysaroleinteachingEmmabecomingmatureandfinishingtherealizationoflove.OnlyheknowsthefaultsthatEmmahas,andonlyhecanmakeaneffectonEmma’sthoughtsandbehaviors.WithoutanyexaggerationwecansaythatMr.KnightleymakesagreatinfluenceonEmma’smaturity.Heperformsandexplainslovebyhisactionthatloveisalwayspatientandkind,loveisneverboastfulorconceited,itdoesn’ttakeoffence,andisnotresentful.Itisthebeautifulflowerwateredbythefriendshipandwell-guidance.2.2.1.6RobertMartinandSmithHarrietRobertMartinisafarmerwithanoblemind.Hehasahappyfamilyandlivescomfortablythroughhisindustriousness.Heisrealityandhonesty.HelovesHarrietandstickstoit.AlthoughHarrietismisledbyEmmaandthinksthatRobertisalowbornman第15页共14页 andcan’tmatchher.Throughhisactionandhispersistence,RobertproveshislovetoHarrietandhewinshislove,marriageandhappinesstogether.Harrietisanamiableandlovelygirlwhohasnoparentsandlivesinalodgeschool.ShemeetsEmmabychance.Emmalikesherandwantstoarrangeherinherownway.EmmatriestomakeafavorablemarriagematchforHarrietwithoutthinkingthesocialstatus.Becauseofhersimpleandpuremind,shecan’tseizehertruefeelingcorrectly.Inhersimplemind,sheconsidersthemarriageshouldbaseontheagreementinopinionandsuitableofeachotherperfectly,whichisalsotheauthor’sthought.ButundertheguidanceofEmma,HarrietrefusestheproposalofRobertMartin,anoblefarmerwhofallsinlovewithher,andshiftstoaclergymanwhowantstomarryEmmainitially.Becauseofthesocialconditionsatthattime,marriageshouldbaseonthefortuneandsocialstatus,Harrietisdejectedbecauseofthelowbornandwithoutanyfortune.LatershepaysaspeciallyattentiontoMr.KnightleywholovesEmmadeeply.Aftersomeunexpectedemotionexperiences,sheacceptstheproposalofRobertMartinandgetsmarriedwithhimhappily.2.2.2LoveandMarriageViewsof“Materialism”Wehaveheardawell-knownstoryintheBible:theexpellingofAdamsandEvesfromtheGardenofEden.Fromthestorywegetamainideathathumanbeingshaveanaturaldesireofperusingsubstances,suchasperusingbetterjobs,highersalaries,morecomfortabledwellingplaces,ofcourse,nicermarriageeither.PerusingsubstancesisregardedasasininChristian’smind.JaneAustencreatesunpopularrolesinthesetwonovels.2.2.2.1LydiaBennetLydiaistheyoungestdaughterintheBennets.Shehasacrazyemotiononmilitiaofficers.Sheisgossipy,immatureandself-involved.Shebelievesthatlifeisleisure.Sheelopeswithoutthinkingherreputationandherrelatives.Lydia’sbehaviorisblamed.Inhermindloveisnothing,themostimportantthingisleisureness.ThiskindofthoughtandbehavioriscriticizedcruellybyChristians.ItisoneoforiginalsinsintheBible.2.2.2.2GeorgeWickhamWickhamisahandsome,fortune-huntingmilitiaofficer.Tosomeextent,heisavilla.HeonceseducedDarcy’syoungerandpuresister.LikeLydia,hebelievesthatlifeisleisure,too.HeelopeswithoutthinkingLydiaandherfamily’sreputation.Theylivewithoutthinkingtoomuchthingsbuttemporaryhappiness.Theydon’tthinktoomanyresponsibilitiesshouldbeinvolvedinlove,inmarriage.Enjoymentistheironlythingin第15页共14页 life.IfwesayLydiashouldbeblamed,Wickhamshouldbeblamedseverely.Hisactionthoroughlyviolatesthesocialvirtues.NotonlyChristianscan’tendurehisbehavior,butalsoamanwhohasgoodconsciencecan’tendureeither.Thereisn’tanybeliefofloveorresponsibilityinhismind.2.2.3LoveandMarriageViewsof“Opportunism”Humanbeingsthinktoomuchaboutthefameandwealth,whichistheirnaturalinstinct.Theytrytoseizeanychancetoraisetheirpedigree,whateverinjob-huntingorinmarriage.Thisnaturalinstinctisalwaysblamed.TheintroductionbythevicaroutlinesaChristianviewofthemeaningofmarriageislikethis:“…Marriageisgiven,thathusbandandwifemaycomfortandhelpeachother,livingfaithfullytogetherinneedandinplenty,insorrowandinjoy.Itisgiven,thatwithdelightandtendernesstheymayknoweachotherinlove,andthroughthejoyoftheirbodyunion,maystrengthentheunionoftheirheartsandlives.Itisgiven,thatmayhavechildrenandbeblessedincaringforthemandbringingthemupinaccordancewithGod’swill,tohispraiseandglory…inmarriagehusbandandwifebelongtooneanother,andtheybeginanewlifetogetherinthecommunity.Itisawayoflifethatallshouldhonor,anditmustnotbeundertakencarelessly,lightly,orselfishly,butreverently,responsibly,andafterseriousthought.Apparently,themarriageviewsinChristiansaresensibleandreasonable.Theyunderstandandperformitinarationalway.Apparently,themarriageviewsinChristiansaresensibleandreasonable,whichshouldbepraisedandadvocated.Buttherearestillsomevicarswhodisobeythedoctrines.JaneAustencriticizedtheseopportunistsrelentlesslyinhernovels.2.2.3.1Mr.CollinsMr.CollinsisayoungclergymanwhostandstoinheritMr.Bennet’sproperty,whichhasbeen“entailed”,meaningthatitcanonlybepasseddowntomaleheirs.Heisnotasensibleman,andthedeficiencyofnaturehasbeenbutlittleassistedbyeducationorsociety----thegreatestpartofhislifehavingbeenspentundertheguidanceofanilliterateandmiserlyfather,althoughheoncewasinauniversity,hehasmerelykeptthenecessarytermswithoutformingatitanyusefulacquaintance.“Thesubjectioninwhichhisfatherhadbroughthimuphasgivenhimoriginallygreathumilityofmanner;butsinceitisagooddealcounteractedbytheself-conceitofaweakhead,livingretirementandtheconsequentialfeelingsofearlyandunexpectedprosperity.”(EmmabyJaneAusten)HeisappreciatedbyLadyCatherinedeBourghandbecomesarector,whichmakeshimaltogetheramixtureofprideandobsequiousness,self-importanceandhumility.He第15页共14页 thinksthathecanmakesomecompensationbymarryingoneofhiscousins.Unexpectedly,heisrefusedbyElizabethwhilehemakesashockproposaltoher.ButheshiftshistargetquicklytoCharlotteLucaswhoisthebestfriendofElizabethandgetsmarriedwithherimmediately.Hisbehaviorshowsakindofmarriageview:Marriageisachance,achoice;loveisnotimportantinmarriageatall.2.2.3.2CharlotteLucasBecauseofthesocialbackground,womenalwayshavelimitedchoiceoftheirmarriage,especiallythewomenwithoutagoodfortune.CharlotteLucasjustbelongstothisgroup.Shestronglybelievesthat“happinessinmarriageisentirelyamatterofchance.”and“ifawomanconcealsheraffectionwiththesameskillfromtheobjectofit,shemaylosetheopportunityoffixinghim.”And“awomanhadbettershowmoreaffectionthanshefeels.”(P14-15,PrideandPrejudice)Charlottedoesn’tviewloveasthemostvitalcomponentofamarriage.Sheismoreinterestedinhavingacomfortablehome.Thuswhenthechancecomes,sheacceptsMr.Collins’sproposalwithoutanyhesitation.AlthoughCharlotteLucasisanopportunistinpursuingmarriage.Sheisblamedinamilderway.Thatismainlybecauseofthesocialstatusofwomenatthattime.Womenhadaweakpowerandlowerpositioninthesociety.Theyhadnobetterchoicebutmarryingawealthhusbandtochangetheirsituation.2.2.3.3Mr.EltonMr.Eltonmaybeasuccessfulmanwithoutthinkinghismarriageaffairs.Heisyoung,handsome,andwelcomedinHighbury.Heisagoodvicarattheparish.Anyhow,heisblamed.HewantstohaveEmma’sattentionbyflatteringHarriet,whichmakesEmmamisunderstandthathelovesHarriet.Whenthetruthisclear,Emmarefuseshimwithoutanyhesitation,heleavesthereandquicklygetsmarriedwithaprettyandwealthylady.ThismakespeopledoubthismotivationofshowinglovetoEmma.ForcomparedwithpoorHarriet,Emmahasagreatamountofproperty,whichseemsmoreattractive.Fromthispoint,wehavenoexcusetodoubtthisvicar’smoralandhisattitudetolove:loveisachancetogetahigherpositionandgreaterproperty.III.ConclusionMarriageandloveareimportantandpopularwhateverinthereallifeorinliteraturecreation.JaneAustenusestrifleshappenedoncommonpeopletoshowthecharmingandenchantmentsofthem.InAusten’stwonovels,PrideandPrejudice,andEmma,differentpeopleshowtheirdifferentattitudestowardloveandmarriage.Elizabethstronglybelieves第15页共14页 thatmarriageshouldbebasedonlove;CharlotteLucasthinksthatmarriageistotallyachance;EmmaWoodhousefindshertruelovethroughaquitedifferentway.Christians’viewsonloveandmarriagealsohavesomepointsincommonwithJaneAusten’s.Thoseviewsarereasonableandrational.Theycanhelpusthinkalotaboutthemarriageandloveinamoresensibleway.ElizabethandMr.DarcyarethemaincoupleinPrideandPrejudice.Meanwhile,JaneAustenarrangesotherfourcouplestoenrichtheplot.Thenovelshowsacolorfullifeaccordingtothosedifferentcharacters.EmmaisquitedifferentfromPrideandPrejudice.Emmarefusesmarriageinitially,butwiththedevelopmentofthestory,shecan’tevadethetrueloveandmarriageeither.Christians’viewsonmarriageandlovearerichandvaried.AsaChristian,JaneAustenherselftriestomakeherheroineswhoobeythedoctrinesofthereligion.Thesetwonovelsreflectthedidactictraditionaccordingtothepresentationofthemarriageviewsoftheheroines:ElizabethBennetandEmmaWoodhouse,whichareharmoniouswiththeChristians’viewsonnotonlythemarriageandlovebutalsothemoralstandards.AfterreadingthepaperMarriageviewsinPrideandPrejudiceandEmma.Iwishyoucouldfindthatdifferentpeoplehavedifferentattitudestowardmarriageandlove.I’dliketosharethemwithyou.AndIalsowishitcouldhelpthereadertothinkaboutthemarriageandlove,andmakeagoodunderstandingonthem.References1.EdwardCopelandandJulietMcmaster,TheCambridgeCompaniontoJaneAusten.上海外语教育出版社,2001年〔M〕2.JaneAusten,关朝峰译,Emma.开今文化事业出版,1994年〔M〕3.JaneAusten,PrideandPrejudice.上海世界图文出版公司,2003年〔M〕4.JaneAusten原著,RossDouthat导读,商嘉勇译,《哈佛蓝星双语名著导读》天津科技翻译出版公司,2003年〔M〕5.陈佳SelectedReadingsinEnglishLiterature.商务印书馆出版1982年6.陈俊“试论《傲慢与偏见》的形式美”，《外国文学作品研究》2001年第三期〔J〕7.李公昭《新编英国文学选读》西安交通大学出版社2001年3月8.龙毛忠颜静兰王惠编著《英美文学选读精华》华东理工大学出版社2004年9.王虹《英国文学阅读与选读与欣赏华南理工大学出版社2000年10.吴斐《英国社会与文化》武汉大学出版社2003年11.肖惠云王义《当代英国概况》上海外语教育出版社2003年第15页共14页 12.http://www.hist.pku.edu.cn/Article_Show.asp第15页共14页
