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AnalysisonLoveandMarriageinPrideandPrejudice论《傲慢与偏见》的爱情观与婚姻观摘要《傲慢与偏见》是奥斯汀最受欢迎的小说，她以一种温和、幽默的方式表达了对爱情和婚姻的看法。在她眼中经济状况、学识和得体的举止也是决定人们婚姻状况的重要因素。小说通过对四种不同婚姻和爱情的描写，解析和探讨，充分体现了作者的爱情和婚姻观：那就是恋爱婚姻与财产和社会地位相互关联，但恋爱婚姻不能仅取决于财产和社会地位,正确的婚姻应当建立在相互爱慕、相互尊重的基础上。她既反对为钱而结婚，也反对轻率结婚，强调婚姻中感情因素的重要性。关键词：爱情；婚姻；金钱；社会地位III AbstractPrideandprejudiceisthemostpopularnovelwrittenbyJaneAusten.Itexpressedtheviewofloveandmarriageinamildlyhumorousway.Inheropinion,theseareveryimportantfactorsthattheeconomicsituation,knowledgeanddecentbehaviortodeterminepeoplesmarriage.Fromthedescriptionoffourmarriages,Austenhasshowedheropinionclearly:loveandmarriageiscloselyassociatedwithpropertyandsociety,however,loveandmarriagecannotonlybedecidedbythepropertyandsocialstatus.Anidealmarriageshouldbebasedonmutualaffectionandrespect.Sherejectsthemarriagebasedonwealthandstressestheelementofemotioninamarriage.KeyWords：Love;marriage;property;socialstatusIII ContentsI.Introduction.......................................................................................11.1JaneAustenandherPrideandPrejudice...................................................7IIThefourmarriagesandtherevealedconceptofloveandmarriage.............................................................................82.1Theconceptofloveandmarriageinthesocietyatthattime................................82.2FourmarriagesinPrideandPrejudice...................................................................92.2.1Mr.CollinsandCharlotte'sMarriage.................................................................92.2.2LydiaandWickham’sMarriage.........................................................................92.2.3JaneandMr.Bingley’sMarriage......................................................................102.2.4DarcyandElizabeth’sMarriage........................................................................10IIIJaneAusten’sViewofMarriage..................................................113.1Characterisimportantthanappearance..............................................................113.2Moneyisdear,loveisdearer……………………………………………………3.3Loveisthebaseofmarriage………………………………………………….IVPracticalsignificance…………………………………………….V.Conclusion………………………………………………………….III IIntroductionPrideandPrejudice,thebookaboutcommonplacethingsandordinarypeople,isoneofJaneAusten’sfamousbooks,beingtherepresentativeofrealisticliterature.Inportrays,withspecialsensitivecharacteristicoffemalewriters,thelifeandideasofmiddleclasswholiveincountryside.Thisnovelmakesananalysisofhumannatureandthenstickupreaderstothinkoversocialrelations.Thisnoveltakesyoungpeople’smarriageasthethreadanditcoverstheinheritanceoffortune,woman’ssocialstatus,ethicsandcustom.BeingthemasterpieceofJaneAusten,itcomestotheextensivefavorofliteraryloversandexpertsatthesametime.ThispapermakesananalysisoffourmarriagesinPrideandPrejudiceanddiscussesthedeepoutlookfortheirloveandmarriageinthelightofsocialbackgroundatthetime.1.1JaneAustenandherPrideandPrejudiceJaneAusten(1775-1817)wasborninHampshire,acountrypriestfamilylocatedinHants,thevillageofKingston,SidemeninnorthEngland.Shewasabeautiful,talentedmiddleclasswomanwithextraordinarytemperamentandgoodcultivation.Hersixnovels－SenseandSensibility,PrideandPrejudice,NorthangerAbbey,ManshifeierdeManor,Emma,Persuasionalldescribemorethanmarriage.However,hermarriageislikeablankpaperinher42yearsreallifetime.Goingthroughthefinesttime,buteventuallywithoutmeetingacomfortablepartner,shegivesupherlove.Goingthroughthesweetandbitterfeelingwhichhelpshertowritethegreatworkprideandprejudice.Inthisgreatbook,theauthoramplydemonstratesherpointaboutloveandmarriage.Therefore,inordertoanalyzethesepointsofviews,weshouldfirstlystartfromhergreatwork.“Atthattime,accordingtothesocialconditionsinBritain,agoodmarriageforayoungwomanwascritical.ThisphenomenonwascloselyassociatedwiththeBritishsocietyandthestatusofwomeninthesociety.Inthe19thcentury,womenwerenotwellrespectedcomparedwiththeonesinthepresentsociety.ThereXII wasnoequalitybetweenwomanandman.Womenwereconsideredtobeinferiortomenintermsofintelligenceandcapacity.Thecentrallifeofwomenwasforcedtobestayingathome;theirrolesweretodealwiththefamilyaffairs,suchastakingcareofthechildrenandservingforthehusband.”(ZhuHong1995:34)Peoplenaturallythoughtthatwomenshouldbesubmissivetotheirhusbands.Thevirtuesofwomenwerepatientanddeferent.Theymustrecognizetheirinherentinferioritytomen,sotheymustrestricttheirabilitieswithoutconditions.“Althoughthestatusofwomenwasslow,fewofthemexpresseddissatisfactionabouttheirowndestiny.”(LiYinhe,1997:41)Atthattime,manymiddle-classyoungwomenhadthreesolutions:gettingmarried,stayingathomeasoldmaidsorworkingasthefamilyfemaleteachers.Theincomeoffamilyfemaleteacherwasverylow,andthestatuswaslowaswell.Itwasverydifficultforthemtochangeorswapoutofthisstatus,noonewouldliketobeamaidforever,therefore,intermsofyoungwomen,especiallythosewhodon’thaveenoughproperties,togetmarriedwastheonlywayforthemtogainrespect,stabilityandsocialstatus.Austenfullycritiquedsomebadphenomenoninherworkprideandprejudice,takingsomeperfectpointsaboutmarriageandlovetodemonstrateherownviewonloveandmarriage.WalterScottthuspraisedher:“ThatyoungladyhasatalentfordescribingtheinvolvementandfeelingsandcharactersofordinarylifewhichistomethemostwonderfulIevermetwith.Thebigbow-wowstrainIcandomyself,likeanynowgoing;buttheexquisitetouchwhichrendersordinarycommonplacethingsandcharactersinterestingfromthetruthofthedescriptionandthesentiment,isdeniedtome.Whatapitysuchagiftedcreaturediedsoearly!”.IIThefourmarriagesandtherevealedconceptofloveandmarriageXII 2.1TheconceptofloveandmarriageinthesocietyatthattimeThestoriesshowtheordinarylives,feelingsoftheordinarypeople.Theywerelinkedupinaharmoniousorderundertheauthor’smeticulousconcepts.Theworkmainlydescribesfourmarriages.Twoarethemainandassistedbytheothertwoassistantmarriages.“DarcyandElizabeth’sloveandmarriageisthemainthemeofthiswork.Afterundergoingmanysetbacks,Darcy’sarroganceandElizabeth’sprejudiceeventuallyeliminates,theloversfinallygetmarried.ThemarriageofElizabeth’ssisterJaneandDarcy’sfriendBingleyisanotherclue.Theydeeplyloveeachother,buttheyaremulti—blocked,aftertheirdeparture,JanemissesBingleyverymuch.Thetwomarriagesreflectstheanotherpointofviewinpositivewaythatmarriageshouldbebasedontruelove,whichistheidealmarryintheauthor’sopinion.Thestoriesseemtobetheordinarylives,feelingsandpersonslinkedupinaharmoniousorderundertheothersmeticulousconcepts.However,themarriagebetweenCharlotteandCollinsisanegativeexample.WiththemarriagebetweenLydiaandWickham,whichhelptomaketheplots2moretortuousandricher.”(ZhuHong,1985:12)2.2FourmarriagesinPrideandPrejudice2.2.1Mr.CollinsandCharlotte’sMarriageTherelationshipbetweenMr.CollinsandCharlotteisbasedoneconomicsratherthenonlove.AfterhavingbeenrefusedbyElizabeth,Mr.CollinsquicklymarriesCharlotte,whoisabsolutelyonetypeofwomanthatneedstomarryamansheisnotinlovewithsimplyinordertogainfinancialsecurity.Collinswasafoolishandvulgarmanwhoneverpossesseshisownconceptionoflove;heintendstogetmarriagemerelybecauseitwastheparticularadviceandrecommendationofLadyCatherine.ThecombinationofCollinsandCharlottereflectthat“Truthuniversallyacknowledged”is“awomanwithoutpropertymustbeinwantofahusbandwithagoodfortune”.XII Centuryconceptionofthevalueoflove,atthattime,marriagewasregardedasamarketplacetoexchangeupwardclassmobilityandfinancialsupport.Inordertoachievethegoalofmarriage,femalesaregoodattransformingthemselvesintocommoditiesbydisplayingtheirappearancesandaccomplishmentstoappealtomalegazers.Womenwereencouragedbythesocialvalueofperformingmannersoffemininitytowinhusbands.Itismoneyinfluencedtheirlovevalueorientation.2.2.2LydiaandWickham’sMarriageThesecondmarriageisbetweenBennett’sthirddaughterLydiaandWickham,thesonofthehousekeeper.Originallyheiswell-treatedbythefamilyandthefriends.However,hecomesdownintheworldbecauseofhismisbehavior.Hegetsintodebt.So,hewantstogetmoneyandbecomerichandchangehissocialstatusthroughmarriage,marriageisalsoawaytoapproachthetalents,heisamanwithoutanyresponsibility.Hedoesnothingexceptassailingawomanwithobscenities.Inhisopinion,loveisonlyrecreation.Forhispurpose,heenticesLydiaandgetsherloveeasily,becausesheisyoung,innocentandvainglorious,andlovestogoeaseandhatestoworkhard,andisspoiltbyhermother.Gettingloveandpraiseofaboyisherdream.SowhenWickhamwantstoreachhisaim－gettingwealthbyloveandexaltsherbeautyhypocritically,sheforgetswhosheisandfeelssheisthemostbeautifulandhappiestgirlintheworld.Theirlovedoesnotgetthepermissionfromtheparents,andthentheyelope.WhenElizabethhearsthenews,shebelievesthattheirloveisfalse,WickhamwouldnotmarryLydia,becausesheisnocharmingandhasnothingtoattracthim,Hedoesnotloveherbutthewealthofherfamily.ThemarriageisadmittedontheconditionofDarcy’shelp.TheirmarriageisconsideredtobeascandalinBennett’sfamily.ButMrs.Bennetisnotdisgracefultothismarriage.WhenCollinsgetsthenews,ofcourse,heisveryangryandreactstothemarriagetorevengehisearlyfailureofproposaltoher.Thismarriageisonewithoutlove.Theydon’ttherealmeaningofmarriage,theyonlywanttosatisfytheirloveandresponsibility.SuchcoupleonlyseekhavinghadtheexperiencebutnoteverlastingXII andunchanging.Ofcourse,suchkindofmarriageisdoomedtobeatragedy.2.2.3JaneandMr.Bingley’sMarriageThethirdmarriageisoftheeldestdaughterJaneandMr.Bingley.BingleyisafriendofDarcy.Bingley’ssisterlovesDarcyverymuch.ShewantsBingleytogetmarriedwithDarcy’ssisterGeorgiana,becauseshewantstogetlovefromDarcybythisway,whichalsoreflectstheselfishnessthesister.Themarriageoftheableman-Bingleyandthebeautifulgirl-Janeisidealinmostpeople’seyes.Ofcourse,thecouplemeetsmanysetbacks,suchasthemisunderstandingofDarcyandBingley’sselfishsister.Atlast,theloversgetmarriedasthemisunderstandingbetweenElizabethandDarcyhasbeensolved.2.2.4DarcyandElizabeth’sMarriageThefourthmarriageisthemainthemeoftheworks.ThatisDarcyandElizabeth’smarriage.Atthebeginning,Elizabethrejectsthepursuer-Darcy,becauseshedoesnotlikehim,evenlooksdownuponhimthoughDarcylovesherverymuch.InElizabeth’seyes,heisarrogantandunreasonablebecauseheisrichandhashighsocialstatus.Realizingthat,Darcybeginstogetridofthosebadhabitsquietlytocratehertasteandgetgoodimpressionandloveofher.BecauseofDarcy’sperfectbehaviorandgoodeducation,ElizabethgraduallyeliminatesthebiasonDarcy.Thentheyspontaneouslyfallinlove.SowhenDarcy’ssecondsuitorissenttoElizabeth,Elizabethreadilyagreewith,andtheygetmarriedandhavehappyfamilylives.IIIJaneAusten’sViewofMarriageJaneAusten’sviewofmarriage:“it’samistakethatinordertoobtainproperty,moneyandstatustogetmarriage,butmarriagedoesnottakeintoaccountthefactorsXII mentionedaboveisalsoamistake”(Allen.Walter,1958:22).So,shehasmarriedformoneyagainstthealsoopposedtothemarriageasatriflingmatter.Shestressedtheimportanceoftheidealofmarriage,andtothefeelingsofbothmenandwomenasthecornerstoneoftheconclusionofanidealmarriage.Loveandmarriageiscloselyassociatedwithpropertyandsociety,however,loveandmarriagecannotonlybedecidedbythepropertyandsocialstatus.Anidealmarriageshouldbebasedonmutualaffectionandrespect.Sherejectsthemarriagebasedonwealthandstressestheelementofemotioninamarriage.3.1CharacterisimportantthanappearanceAustenbelievesthattheperson’scharacterismoreimportantthanappearanceinthematterofahappymarriage.SheindicatedsuchaphilosophyofloveinaletterwhichistohernieceFannyKnight:“Hissocialstatus,family,friendsandthemostimportantishischaracter...Everyaspectofhischaracterisfullyexplainedwhetherhewasworthyofyourlove.”weshouldpaymoreattentiontothecharacters’mutualrespectandmoralrecognition,ifyouonlyemphasisonbeautyandappearancethemarriagewillsoonbedegenerated.Austen’sthisconceptarefullyreflectedinPrideandPrejudice.Mr.BennetwasgreedyfortheyouthandbeautyofGardiner,butherpoorintelligence,narrow-minded,ignorantandincompetent,andtemperamentalpersonalitymadehisdeepandsincereaffectionforhiswifewassoonoveraftermarriage.PrideandPrejudicetakestheGardinercouple’smarriageasatypicalexample.Mr.Gardinerhasarefinedtasteconversation,whilehiswifeisalsoquitematchwithhim.Reflectedinthenovelisthewarmthbetweenthemandthetruefeelingsinclear-cutfamilyrelations.Inthenovel,theimportanceofcharacterhasalsobeenfullyreflectedinthecombinationofJaneandBingley.Janelooksbeautiful,good-natured,gentleandpassionate,elegantandrefined.Bingleyisagentleandpleasantmanwithgentlemanlymanners.BingleyfallsinlovewithJane,becauseshehasagoodcharactermatchwithherappearance.Mr.Bennettsummedupthesimilarityoftwocharacters:“Yourcharactersareverysimilar;youareallwillingtoaccommodateXII eachotherwhenyoumeetsomeunhappythings.”Elizabethfirmlybelieves:“Jane’swell-beingwillbeabletoachievebecauseofJane’sgoodtemper,itcouldnotbebetteranylonger.Thisisthebasisforhappiness,andbothoftheircharactersandinterestsarealsoverysimilar.”TheactressElizabethandtheactorDarcyinthenovelhavealotofcommoninthecharacter.Firstofall,bothofthemareextremelyself-love,Darcy’sprideandElizabeth’sprejudiceisobvious.Darcy’sprideisonthebasisofhisindomitablecharacter,ashehurtElizabethverbally,causingherprejudicebecauseofElizabeth’sself-love.ThensheshowsprejudicetoDarcy.InhisfirstmarriageproposaltoElizabeth,thereisstillexistinginnercontradictioninhismind:“Aren’tyouexpectmetoberejoicingforyourhumblerelatives?DoyouthinkifIclimbonthesocialstatusofthosefarlessofmyrelatives,butwefeelfortunatetodo?”ThesesentencesprovokedElizabeth’sangerandrefusedMr.Darcy’smarriagepropose.Secondly,bothElizabethandDarcyhavetwocharacters--independentpersonalityandtheabilityofjudgment.Elizabeth’sindependentpersonalityandtheabilityofjudgmentcanbereflectedthatshedarestoignorehermother’spressuretorefusetomarryCollins.FromDarcy’sinitialarrogance,toovercomeitsownshortcomings,aswellastheirconsistentbehaviorofthereflectionandthesecondmarriageproposal,Darcy’sindependentpersonalityandtheabilityofjudgmentcannotbeneglected.Inaddition,bothofthemmatchwitheachotherinintelligence.TheircleverandwittydialoguesintheNetherfieldandRosingManoronlycanenjoyandinterpretedbythemselves.Darcy’swordssummedupthesimilarity:“Bothofusarereluctanttoperforminfrontofstrangers.”Theyhavecommonincharacterandmutualappreciation,itisthemostsolidfoundationthattheycangointothemarriagehallandtowardarationalhappiness.3.2Moneyisdear,loveisdearerIntheVictoriannovel,moneyisthealmighty.Austen’snovelisnoexception.Tosomeextent,Austenandtheactressleadinchoosingtheirhusband,givemuchattentiontomoney.Becausetherewasnorighttoinheritpropertyforwoman,inordertoobtainfinancialsecurity,it'sonlythroughmarriageandthewaystoachievethisXII goal.Thus,atthetimethemarriagemarket,moneyhasitsimportance.Suchas:tocaptureinamysterynovelbeginswith“itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.”Theimplicationisthosemarriedwomenarenotpropertyofthehusband-bitpropertied.However,Austen'sownmarriagesticktoitandshebelievesthatloveisthemostbasicconditionsformarriage.3.3LoveisthebaseofmarriageAustin’sloveandmarriageviewcanbeseeneverywhereinprideandprejudice.Collinsbelievesthathehasagoodhouse,anobjectiveofincomeandtherelationshipbetweentheDeBourg,Elizabethisnoreasontorefusehisproposal.Elizabeth’sreasonforthecategoricallyrejectedisnofeeling.ElizabethandDarcy’sharmoniousunionisamicrocosmofaperfectmarriageforAustin.Darcywell-bornandchic,thereare10,000poundsperyearofincome;hispresenceattractedtheattentionofwomen.ButDarcyisarrogant,selfishandlookeddownonElizabeth’sfamilyandrelatives,hetriedeverymeanscannotbetowinherheart“youwerethelastmanintheworldIcouldevermarry.”Thatistosaythatherfirstfancywasemotionalnotmoney.Asthistimeitcategoricallyrejected,Darcyhasafundamentalchangeinattitude.WhenElizabethandDarcymeetagaininPemberley,Darcyisdifferentfromprevious.ElizabethwasheardfromthehousekeeperthatDarcy’sgoodhumorandelegantmanners.Thismakesherverysurprisedandmoved.ElizabeththenrealizedthatDarcyhasbeeninhismind,shealsorecognizedthatonlytheytwohavemostappealsinthethoughts,feelingsandinterests.ShetoldJanethemindof“Hestillloveme,wehavegooddiscussions.MaybeIusedlovehimbutIdidnotrealized.”ThecombinationofDarcyandElizabethwentthroughalongandtortuousprocess,theyhavemutualunderstandingandmutualrespect,thereislovebetweenthem,andallthisconstitutesthemostsolidoftheirmarriage.XII IVPracticalsignificanceXII Austenhasabitofmodernspirit.Herperspectiveforloveandmarriagesurpassesthelimitofhertime,sowhatshewantedtodeliverisfamiliarwithuslivingtoday.“Herworkshaveownhighcriticisminthe20thcenturyandherreadersareincreasingastimegoesby.TheauthoressdepictedthedailylifeinthesereneandpicturesqueEnglishcountry,whichindicatestherealisticcontentintheromanticbackground.Moresignificantly,herpointwiselythatreasonandemotionareequallyessentialtohappiness.”(SampsonGeorge)Aperfectbalanceiswhatwearetriedtoseek.Andthisviewisnotonlyrealisticbutalsoidealistic,becausepureromanceisunlikelytolastintherealworldasmuchasaperfectbalancesohardtomeet.Hence,suchacombinationintheautocross’smindleavesmuchwecandwellon,whichmaybethereasonwhysomanypeopleareenchantedwiththemasterpieceduringtwohundredyearsorso.“Austen’serahaspassed,butpeopleseekingabettermarriagerequirementhavenotchangedandmoreintense,theviewofmarriageinPrideandPrejudiceisnotcompletelydivorcedfromouractualandbringssomeenlightenmenttothemodernman.Atthebeginningof2005,BritishBBC4inthereader'ssurveyalsoprovedthispoint:inBritishsociety,thegreatestimpactinwomenliteratureandthefirstoneisPrideandPrejudice.”(Monaghan,David)Bydescriptionanddiscussionofthefourmarriagesinthenovel,wecanseethatAustenfullyexpressesherviewsonloveandmarriage:“marriageandpropertyandsocialstatusareinterconnected.Butmarriagecouldnotonlydependonthepropertyandthesocialstatus.Thehappymarriageshouldbebasedonthemutualrespect,mutualadmiration.”Sheobjectsthemarriageformoneyandopposesthethoughtlessmarriage,butstressestheimportanceofemotionalfactors.Austen’sviewsonmarriageandlovearealsosuitableforourrealsocial.Weyouthshouldmakerightmarriageandloveviewstoorientourlives.VConclusionXII Bydescriptionanddiscussionofthefourmarriagesinthenovel,wecanseethatAustengivesherownmatrimonialvalue:whenpeopleconsidermarriage,theyshouldnotignoretheeffectofloveandsentiment,althoughtheeffectofeconomicstatusisveryimportant.Onlywhentwopersonsloveeachotherandmaintainloftymorals,cantheygetahappymarriage.Themarriagebasedonsocialpositionandmoneycan’tbringhappylife.Aimlessmarriageandloveareimpracticable.Austen’sviewsonmarriageandlovearealsosuitableforourrealsocial.Moneycannotbuytruelove,moralityisveryimportantwhenpeopleareconsideringloveandmarriage!Weyouthshouldmakerightmarriageandloveviewstoorientourlives.WorkscitedXII 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