考研英语核心词汇速成胜经unit 11

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1、考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit11 一、    真题文章 Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theoriescenteringontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehaviorbecausetheywerenotsufficientlype

2、nalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughinteractionwithothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesinresponsetotheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,orasarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhav

3、efocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies,ignoringthefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimesforlackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,aretentativeandaresubjecttocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectlyaffectjuvenilecrimerates.Fore

4、xample,changesintheeconomythatleadtofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemploymentingeneralmakegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayinturnleadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.Familieshavealsoexperiencedchangestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenth

5、ouseholdsortwoworkingparents;consequently,childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathomethanwascommoninthetraditionalfamilystructure.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Otheridentifiablecausesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincrea

6、sedavailabilityofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowingincidenceofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,althoughadirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.二、     译文 很多关于青少年犯罪成因的理论把该问题主要归结为两类，一类归咎于社会，一类归咎于个人。归咎于个人的观点认为青少年之所以犯罪

7、是因为社会没有严厉惩罚他们之前所犯的过失，或者通过与别人的交往他们学会犯罪。归咎于社会的观点认为青少年犯罪是由于不能提高自己的社会经济地位或为了表示对中产阶级价值观的叛逆。大多数研究青少年犯罪的理论强调这些儿童出自贫穷家庭而忽略了出身富裕家庭的儿童也会犯罪这一事实。这部分儿童可能是由于缺乏父母的管教而犯罪。不过,所有的理论都是不确定的，并且都遭到了批评。社会结构的变化也会间接影响青少年犯罪率。例如，社会经济的变化使得青少年就业机会减少；总的来说，不断上升的失业也使得好工作越来越难找。而由此产生的不满又会导致更多的青少年犯罪。这些年来家庭也